Pine

Last Editorial Review: 6/11/2021
Other Name(s):

Dwarf-Pine, Essence d'Aiguilles de Pin, Huile d'Aiguilles de Pin, Huile Essentielle de Pin, Huiles de Pin, Monterey Pine, Pin, Pin Écossais, Pin de Montagne, Pin de Monterey, Pin de Russie, Pin Sauvage, Pin Sylvestre, Pine Essential Oil, Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oils, Pini Atheroleum, Pini Turiones, Pino, Pinus radiata, Pinus sylvestris, Pix Liquida, Pumilio Pine, Scotch Fir, Scotch Pine, Swiss Mountain Pine.

Overview

Pine is a tree. People use the sprouts, needles, and bark to make medicine.

Don't confuse pine with fir shoots (Picea abies or Abies alba) or man-made “pine oil.”

Pine is used for upper and lower respiratory tract swelling (inflammation), stuffy nose, hoarseness, common cold, cough or bronchitis, fevers, tendency towards infection, and blood pressure problems.

Some people apply pine directly to the skin for mild muscle pain and nerve pain.

How does it work?

Pine contains chemicals that might have activity against pain and swelling (inflammation). It also seems to be mildly effective in killing bacteria and fungus.

SLIDESHOW

Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? See Slideshow

Uses & Effectiveness

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

  • Thinking and memory. Early research suggests that taking vitamin C along with a specific product containing pine extract (Enzogenol) for 5 weeks improves thinking and memory in middle-aged and older men.
  • Upper and lower respiratory tract swelling (inflammation).
  • Mild muscle pain.
  • Nerve pain.
  • Blood pressure problems.
  • Common cold.
  • Cough.
  • Bronchitis.
  • Fevers.
  • Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of pine for these uses.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).

Side Effects

Pine is POSSIBLY SAFE when used appropriately by mouth for short periods of time.

QUESTION

Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See Answer

Special Precautions & Warnings

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking pine if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Asthma, allergy: Pine pollen can cause an increase in allergic symptoms, even in people who test negatively to pine skin tests.

Dosing

The appropriate dose of pine depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for pine. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

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Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

References

Burry, J. N. Environmental dermatitis: contact dermatitis from Pinus radiata. Med J Aust. 7-2-1977;2(1):13-14. View abstract.

Geiseg, S. and Baird, S. Comparison of antioxidant assays for flavonoid containing supplements. Free Rad Biol Med 1998;24(Suppl. 1):S104.

Grant, J. E., Cooper, P. A., and Dale, T. M. Transgenic Pinus radiata from Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of cotyledons. Plant Cell Rep. 2004;22(12):894-902. View abstract.

Knekt, P., Jarvinen, R., Reunanen, A., and Maatela, J. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. BMJ 2-24-1996;312(7029):478-481. View abstract.

Ku, C. S., Sathishkumar, M., and Mun, S. P. Binding affinity of proanthocyanidin from waste Pinus radiata bark onto proline-rich bovine achilles tendon collagen type I. Chemosphere 2007;67(8):1618-1627. View abstract.

Marcos, C., Rodriguez, F. J., Luna, I., Jato, V., and Gonzalez, R. Pinus pollen aerobiology and clinical sensitization in northwest Spain. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001;87(1):39-42. View abstract.

Pipingas, A., Silberstein, R. B., Vitetta, L., Rooy, C. V., Harris, E. V., Young, J. M., Frampton, C. M., Sali, A., and Nastasi, J. Improved cognitive performance after dietary supplementation with a Pinus radiata bark extract formulation. Phytother.Res 2008;22(9):1168-1174. View abstract.

Schweigkofler, W., O'Donnell, K., and Garbelotto, M. Detection and quantification of airborne conidia of Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker, from two California sites by using a real-time PCR approach combined with a simple spore trapping method. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. 2004;70(6):3512-3520. View abstract.

Shand, B., Strey, C., Scott, R., Morrison, Z., and Gieseg, S. Pilot study on the clinical effects of dietary supplementation with Enzogenol, a flavonoid extract of pine bark and vitamin C. Phytother.Res 2003;17(5):490-494. View abstract.

Wood, J. E., Senthilmohal, S. T., and Peskin, A. V. Antioxidant activity of procyanidin-containing plant extracts at different pHs. Food Chemistry 2002;77(2):155-161.

Youdim, K. A., Spencer, J. P., Schroeter, H., and Rice-Evans, C. Dietary flavonoids as potential neuroprotectants. Biol Chem. 2002;383(3-4):503-519. View abstract.

Young, J. M., Shand, B. I., McGregor, P. M., Scott, R. S., and Frampton, C. M. Comparative effects of enzogenol and vitamin C supplementation versus vitamin C alone on endothelial function and biochemical markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic smokers. Free Radic.Res 2006;40(1):85-94. View abstract.

Harris RM, German DF. The incidence of pine pollen reactivity in an allergic atopic population. Ann Allergy 1985;55:678-9. View abstract.

Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Denisova NA, et al. Long-term dietary strawberry, spinach, or vitamin E supplementation retards the onset of age-related neuronal signal-transduction and cognitive behavioral deficits. J Neurosci 1998;18:8047-55. View abstract.

Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Denisova NA, et al. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J Neurosci 1999;19:8114-21. View abstract.

Karonen M, Hamalainen M, Nieminen R, et al. Phenolic extractives from the bark of Pinus sylvestris L. and their effects on inflammatory mediators nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2.J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:7532-40. View abstract.

Keli SO, Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke: the Zutphen study. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:637-42. View abstract.

Motiejunaite O, Peciulyte D. Fungicidal properties of Pinus sylvestris L. for improvement of air quality. Medicina (Kaunas) 2004;40:787-94. View abstract.

Senthilmohan, S. T., Zhang, Z., and Stanley, R. A. Effects of flavonoid extract Enzogenol® with vitamin C on protein oxidation and DNA damage in older human subjects. Nutrition Research 2003;23(9):1199-1210.