Periwinkle

Last Editorial Review: 6/11/2021
Other Name(s):

Common Periwinkle, Earlyflowering, Evergreen, Herbe à la Capucine, Herbe de Fidélité, Lesser Periwinkle, Myrtle, Petite Pervenche, Pervenche Mineure, Small Periwinkle, Vinca minor, Vincae Minoris Herba, Vincapervinca, Violette des Morts, Violette de Serpent, Violette de Sorcier, Wintergreen.

Overview

Periwinkle is an herb. The parts that grow above the ground are used to make medicine. Don't confuse periwinkle with Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus).

Despite serious safety concerns, periwinkle is used for “brain health” (increasing blood circulation in the brain, supporting brain metabolism, increasing mental productivity, preventing memory and concentration problems and feebleness, improving memory and thinking ability, and preventing early aging of brain cells).

Periwinkle is also used for treating diarrhea, vaginal discharge, throat ailments, tonsillitis, chest pain, high blood pressure, sore throat, intestinal pain and swelling (inflammation), toothache, and water retention (edema). It is also used for promoting wound healing, improving the way the immune system defends the body, and for “blood-purification.”

A chemical in periwinkle called vincamine can be converted in the laboratory to the compound vinpocetine, which is marketed as a dietary supplement.

How does work?

Periwinkle can lower blood pressure. It can also help reduce swelling (inflammation) and have a drying (astringent) effect on the tissues.

QUESTION

Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See Answer

Uses

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of periwinkle for these uses.

Side Effects

Periwinkle is UNSAFE. It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and other stomach and intestinal symptoms. It can also cause nerve, kidney, and liver damage. Large amounts can cause very low blood pressure.

Precautions

Periwinkle is UNSAFE for anyone to use, but people with certain conditions are especially at risk for harmful side effects.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Periwinkle is UNSAFE. Don't use it.

Constipation: Periwinkle has a drying effect on tissues. This means it can make constipation worse. Don't use it.

Low blood pressure: Periwinkle can lower blood pressure. If you already have low blood pressure, using periwinkle can make it drop too low. Don't use it.

Surgery: Periwinkle can lower blood pressure. There is a concern that it might interfere with blood pressure control during and after surgery. Stop using periwinkle at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

Interactions


Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Periwinkle seems to decrease blood pressure. Taking periwinkle along with medications for high blood pressure might cause your blood pressure to go too low.

Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.

Dosing

The appropriate dose of periwinkle depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for periwinkle. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

SLIDESHOW

Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? See Slideshow

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).

FDA Logo

Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

References

Ahn, Y. S., Byrnes, J. J., Harrington, W. J., Cayer, M. L., Smith, D. S., Brunskill, D. E., and Pall, L. M. The treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenia with vinblastine-loaded platelets. N.Engl.J.Med. 5-18-1978;298(20):1101-1107. View abstract.

Barnett, C. J., Cullinan, G. J., Gerzon, K., Hoying, R. C., Jones, W. E., Newlon, W. M., Poore, G. A., Robison, R. L., Sweeney, M. J., Todd, G. C., Dyke, R. W., and Nelson, R. L. Structure-activity relationships of dimeric Catharanthus alkaloids. 1. Deacetylvinblastine amide (vindesine) sulfate. J.Med.Chem. 1978;21(1):88-96. View abstract.

Bolcskei, H., Szantay, C., Jr., Mak, M., Balazs, M., and Szantay, C. [New antitumor derivatives of vinblastine]. Acta Pharm.Hung. 1998;68(2):87-93. View abstract.

Cardinali, G. [Place of Vinca rosea alkaloids (Catharanthus roseus) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease]. Haematologica 1973;53(1):51-64. View abstract.

Chamouni, P., Lenain, P., Buchonnet, G., Merle, V., Bourgain, C., Boyer, A., Girault, C., and Czernichow, P. Difficulties in the management of an incomplete form of refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, the usefulness of vincristine. Transfus.Sci. 2000;23(2):101-106. View abstract.

Csomor, K. and Karpati, E. Effect of vintoperol on platelet aggregation and experimental thrombosis. Arzneimittelforschung. 1994;44(1):36-40. View abstract.

Dekoninck, W. J., Jocquet, P., Jacquy, J., and Henriet, M. Comparative study of the clinical effects of vincamine + glycerol versus glycerol + placebo in the acute phase of stroke. Arzneimittelforschung. 1978;28(9):1654-1657. View abstract.

El-Sayed, M. and Verpoorte, R. Methyljasmonate accelerates catabolism of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus during leaf processing. Fitoterapia 2005;76(1):83-90. View abstract.

Elgorashi, E. E., Taylor, J. L., Maes, A., van, Staden J., De, Kimpe N., and Verschaeve, L. Screening of medicinal plants used in South African traditional medicine for genotoxic effects. Toxicol.Lett. 7-20-2003;143(2):195-207. View abstract.

Ena, J., Garcia, A., and de Mar, Masia M. Vincristine as therapy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin.Infect.Dis. 1996;22(5):880-881. View abstract.

Fenaux, P., Quiquandon, I., Caulier, M. T., Simon, M., Walter, M. P., and Bauters, F. Slow infusions of vinblastine in the treatment of adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a report on 43 cases. Blut 1990;60(4):238-241. View abstract.

Filippini, R., Caniato, R., Piovan, A., and Cappelletti, E. M. Production of anthocyanins by Catharanthus roseus. Fitoterapia 2003;74(1-2):62-67. View abstract.

Fischhof, P. K., Moslinger-Gehmayr, R., Herrmann, W. M., Friedmann, A., and Russmann, D. L. Therapeutic efficacy of vincamine in dementia. Neuropsychobiology 1996;34(1):29-35. View abstract.

Foldi, M., Obal, F., and Szeghy, G. [On the effect of Devincan (Vinca minor alkaloid) on the EEG and the fundus oculi pattern in patients with cerebral sclerosis]. Med.Welt. 9-11-1965;37:2122-2124. View abstract.

Gross, Z., Rodriguez, J. J., and Stalnaker, B. L. Vincristine for refractory autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy. A case report. J.Reprod.Med. 1995;40(10):739-742. View abstract.

Hirsh, V., Desjardins, P., Needles, B. M., Rigas, J. R., Jahanzeb, M., Nguyen, L., Zembryki, D., and Leopold, L. H. Oral versus intravenous administration of vinorelbine as a single agent for the first-line treatment of metastatic nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): A randomized phase II trial. Am.J.Clin.Oncol. 2007;30(3):245-251. View abstract.

Jacquillat, C. and Weil, M. [Periwinkle alkaloids. Treatment of Hodgkin's disease and leukemia]. Sem.Ther. 1964;40(6):395-400. View abstract.

Jordan, M. A. and Wilson, L. Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs. Nat.Rev.Cancer 2004;4(4):253-265. View abstract.

Karpati, E., Biro, K., and Kukorelli, T. [Investigation of vasoactive agents with indole skeletons at Richter Ltd.]. Acta Pharm.Hung. 2002;72(1):25-36. View abstract.

Krainer, M., Tomek, S., Elandt, K., Horak, P., Albrecht, W., Eisenmenger, M., Holtl, W., Schramek, P., Stackl, W., Zielinski, C., and Reibenwein, J. A prospective, open label, randomized phase II trial of weekly docetaxel versus weekly vinorelbine as first line chemotherapy in patients with androgen independent prostate cancer. J.Urol. 2007;177(6):2141-2145. View abstract.

Leveque, D. and Jehl, F. Clinical pharmacokinetics of vinorelbine. Clin.Pharmacokinet. 1996;31(3):184-197. View abstract.

Lu, Y., Hou, S. X., and Chen, T. [Advances in the study of vincristine: an anticancer ingredient from Catharanthus roseus]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2003;28(11):1006-1009. View abstract.

Mans, D. R., da Rocha, A. B., and Schwartsmann, G. Anti-cancer drug discovery and development in Brazil: targeted plant collection as a rational strategy to acquire candidate anti-cancer compounds. Oncologist. 2000;5(3):185-198. View abstract.

Mukhopadhyay, S. and Cordell, G. A. Catharanthus alkaloids. XXXV. Isolation of leurosidine N'b-oxide from Catharanthus roseus. J.Nat.Prod. 1981;44(5):611-613. View abstract.

Mukhopadhyay, S., El-Sayed, A., Handy, G. A., and Cordell, G. A. Catharanthus alkaloids XXXVII. 16-Epi-Z-isositsirikine, a monomeric indole alkaloid with antineoplastic activity from Catharanthus roseus and Rhazya stricta. J.Nat.Prod. 1983;46(3):409-413. View abstract.

Nakabayashi, M., Ling, J., Xie, W., Regan, M. M., and Oh, W. K. Response to vinorelbine with or without estramustine as second-line chemotherapy in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer J. 2007;13(2):125-129. View abstract.

Ng, R., Hasan, B., Mittmann, N., Florescu, M., Shepherd, F. A., Ding, K., Butts, C. A., Cormier, Y., Darling, G., Goss, G. D., Inculet, R., Seymour, L., Winton, T. L., Evans, W. K., and Leighl, N. B. Economic analysis of NCIC CTG JBR.10: a randomized trial of adjuvant vinorelbine plus cisplatin compared with observation in early stage non-small-cell lung cancer--a report of the Working Group on Economic Analysis, and the Lung Disease Site Group, National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J.Clin.Oncol. 6-1-2007;25(16):2256-2261. View abstract.

Nishii, K., Sakakura, M., Tsukada, T., Ryuu, H., and Katayama, N. Successful treatment with imatinib combined with less intensive chemotherapy (vincristine and dexamethasone) as induction therapy in a very elderly patient with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int.J.Hematol. 2007;85(3):273-274. View abstract.

Nomura, T., Maekawa, T., Uchino, H., Miyazaki, T., Miura, Y., Abe, T., Asano, S., Kuriya, S., Nagai, K., Yawata, Y., and . Clinical usefulness of vinca alkaloid slow infusion in the treatment of chronic refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a multicenter cooperative study. Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi 1990;53(1):98-104. View abstract.

Papon, N., Bremer, J., Vansiri, A., Andreu, F., Rideau, M., and Creche, J. Cytokinin and ethylene control indole alkaloid production at the level of the MEP/terpenoid pathway in Catharanthus roseus suspension cells. Planta Med. 2005;71(6):572-574. View abstract.

Pepe, C., Hasan, B., Winton, T. L., Seymour, L., Graham, B., Livingston, R. B., Johnson, D. H., Rigas, J. R., Ding, K., and Shepherd, F. A. Adjuvant vinorelbine and cisplatin in elderly patients: National Cancer Institute of Canada and Intergroup Study JBR.10. J.Clin.Oncol. 4-20-2007;25(12):1553-1561. View abstract.

Rahmani, R. and Zhou, X. J. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of vinca alkaloids. Cancer Surv. 1993;17:269-281. View abstract.

Robertson, J. H. and McCarthy, G. M. Periwinkle alkaloids and the platelet-count. Lancet 8-16-1969;2(7616):353-355. View abstract.

Rodriguez-Zapata, L. C. and Hernandez-Sotomayor, S. M. Evidence of protein-tyrosine kinase activity in Catharanthus roseus roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Planta 1998;204(1):70-77. View abstract.

Rosazza, J. P., Duffel, M. W., el-Marakby, S., and Ahn, S. H. Metabolism of the Catharanthus alkaloids: from Streptomyces griseus to monoamine oxidase B. J.Nat.Prod. 1992;55(3):269-284. View abstract.

Schiavotto, C., Castaman, G., and Rodeghiero, F. Treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in patients with refractoriness to or with contraindication for corticosteroids and/or splenectomy with immunosuppressive therapy and danazol. Haematologica 1993;78(6 Suppl 2):29-34. View abstract.

Sikorska, A., Slomkowski, M., Marlanka, K., Konopka, L., and Gorski, T. The use of vinca alkaloids in adult patients with refractory chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Clin.Lab Haematol. 2004;26(6):407-411. View abstract.

Ueda, J. Y., Tezuka, Y., Banskota, A. H., Le, Tran Q., Tran, Q. K., Harimaya, Y., Saiki, I., and Kadota, S. Antiproliferative activity of Vietnamese medicinal plants. Biol.Pharm.Bull. 2002;25(6):753-760. View abstract.

van Der, Heijden R., Jacobs, D. I., Snoeijer, W., Hallard, D., and Verpoorte, R. The Catharanthus alkaloids: pharmacognosy and biotechnology. Curr.Med.Chem. 2004;11(5):607-628. View abstract.

Vereczkey, L. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of vincamine and related compounds. Eur.J.Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1985;10(2):89-103. View abstract.

Verma, S., Wong, N. S., Trudeau, M., Joy, A., Mackey, J., Dranitsaris, G., and Clemons, M. Survival differences observed in metastatic breast cancer patients treated with capecitabine when compared with vinorelbine after pretreatment with anthracycline and taxane. Am.J.Clin.Oncol. 2007;30(3):297-302. View abstract.

Warot, P., Goudemand, M., and Habay, D. [Neurologic disorders induced by Vinca rosea alkaloids (periwinkle polyneuritis)]. Rev.Neurol.(Paris) 1965;113(4):464-467. View abstract.

Waterhouse, D. N., Madden, T. D., Cullis, P. R., Bally, M. B., Mayer, L. D., and Webb, M. S. Preparation, characterization, and biological analysis of liposomal formulations of vincristine. Methods Enzymol. 2005;391:40-57. View abstract.

Wautier, J. L., Boizard, B., and Caen, J. P. [Transfusion of platelets loaded with periwinkle alkaloids as a treatment for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (author's transl)]. Nouv.Presse Med. 1-20-1979;8(3):185-188. View abstract.

Wu, M. L., Deng, J. F., Wu, J. C., Fan, F. S., and Yang, C. F. Severe bone marrow depression induced by an anticancer herb Cantharanthus roseus. J.Toxicol.Clin.Toxicol. 2004;42(5):667-671. View abstract.

Agri Res Svc: Dr. Duke's phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases. www.ars-grin.gov/duke (Accessed 3 November 1999).

Carod-Artal FJ. [Neurological syndromes linked with the intake of plants and fungi containing a toxic component (I). Neurotoxic syndromes caused by the ingestion of plants, seeds and fruits]. Rev Neurol 2003;36:860-71. View abstract.

Kidd PM. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:144-61.. View abstract.

Szatmari SZ, Whitehouse PJ. Vinpocetine for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;1:CD003119.. View abstract.

The Natural Pharmacist. Vinpocetine. www.tnp.com/substance.asp?ID=573. (Accessed 16 December 1999).