Parsley

Last Editorial Review: 6/11/2021
Other Name(s):

Apium crispum, Apium petroselinum, Carum petroselinum, Common Parsley, Garden Parsley, Graine de Persil, Hamburg Parsley, Huile de Persil, Parsley Fruit, Parsley Oil, Parsley Root, Parsley Seed, Perejil, Persely, Persil, Persil Cultivé, Persil Frisé, Persil de Naples, Persil Odorant, Persil Plat, Persin, Petersylinge, Petroselini Fructus, Petroselini Herba, Petrosilini Radix, Petroselinum crispum, Petroselinum hortense, Petroselinum sativum, Petroselinum vulgare, Prajmoda, Racine de Persil, Rock Parsley.

Overview

Parsley is an herb. The leaf, seed, and root are used to make medicine. Be careful not to confuse parsley with fool's parsley and parsley piert.

Parsley is used for urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, constipation, jaundice, intestinal gas (flatulence), indigestion, colic, diabetes, cough, asthma, fluid retention (edema), osteoarthritis, “tired blood” (anemia), high blood pressure, prostate conditions, and spleen conditions. It is also used to start menstrual flow, to cause an abortion, as an aphrodisiac, and as a breath freshener.

Some people apply parsley directly to the skin for cracked or chapped skin, bruises, tumors, insect bites, lice, parasites, and to stimulate hair growth.

In foods and beverages, parsley is widely used as a garnish, condiment, food, and flavoring.

In manufacturing, parsley seed oil is used as a fragrance in soaps, cosmetics, and perfumes.

How does work?

Parsley might help stimulate the appetite, improve digestion, increase urine production, reduce spasms, and increase menstrual flow.

SLIDESHOW

Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? See Slideshow

Uses

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of parsley for these uses.

Side Effects

Parsley is LIKELY SAFE when consumed in amounts commonly found in food.

Parsley is POSSIBLY SAFE for most adults when taken by mouth as medicine, short-term. In some people, parsley can cause allergic skin reactions.

Consuming very large amounts of parsley is LIKELY UNSAFE, as this can cause other side effects like “tired blood” (anemia) and liver or kidney problems.

Also, parsley seed oil applied to the skin is LIKELY UNSAFE as it can cause the skin to become extra sensitive to the sun and cause a rash. Not enough is known about the safety of applying parsley root and leaf to the skin.

Precautions

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Parsley in food amounts is fine, but parsley in larger medicinal amounts is LIKELY UNSAFE when taken by mouth during pregnancy. Parsley has been used to cause an abortion and to start menstrual flow. In addition, developing evidence suggests that taking An-Tai-Yin, an herbal combination product containing parsley and dong quai, during the first three months of pregnancy increases the risk of serious birth defects. If you are pregnant, stick with using only the amount of parsley typically found in food.

Not enough is known about the safety of using parsley in medicinal amounts during breast-feeding. It's best not to use more than typical food amounts of parsley.

Diabetes: Parsley might lower blood sugar levels. Watch for signs of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and monitor your blood sugar carefully if you have diabetes and use parsley.

Fluid retention (edema): There is a concern that parsley might cause the body to hold onto sodium (salt), and this increases water retention.

High blood pressure: There is a concern that parsley might cause the body to hold onto sodium (salt), and this could make high blood pressure worse.

Kidney disease: Don't take parsley if you have kidney disease. Parsley contains chemicals that can make kidney disease worse.

Surgery: Parsley might lower blood glucose levels and could interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgical procedures. Stop using parsley at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.

QUESTION

Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See Answer

Interactions


Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Parsley might lower blood sugar. Diabetes medications are also used to lower blood sugar. Taking medicinal amounts of parsley along with diabetes medications might cause your blood sugar to go too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medications might need to be changed. Some medications for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), and others.


Pentobarbital (Nembutal)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Parsley juice might increase the amount of time pentobarbital stays in the body. Taking parsley along with pentobarbital might increase the effects and side effects from pentobarbital.


Warfarin (Coumadin)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Warfarin (Coumadin) is taken to thin the blood and slow blood clotting. Large amounts of parsley leaf might increase blood clotting. Taking parsley along with warfarin might decrease how well warfarin (Coumadin) works to thin the blood.


Water pills (Diuretic drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Parsley seems to work like a "water pill" by causing the body to lose water. Taking parsley along with other "water pills" might cause the body to lose too much water. Losing too much water can cause you to be dizzy and your blood pressure to go too low.

Some "water pills" include chlorothiazide (Diuril), chlorthalidone (Thalitone), furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, HydroDiuril, Microzide), and others.


AspirinInteraction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Some people are allergic to parsley. Aspirin might increase your sensitivity to parsley if you are allergic to parsley. This has only been reported in one person. But to be on the safe side, if you are allergic to parsley do not take aspirin and eat parsley.

Dosing

The appropriate dose of parsley depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for parsley. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).

FDA Logo

Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

References

Abdelnoor, A. M., Batshoun, R., and Roumani, B. M. The bacterial flora of fruits and vegetables in Lebanon and the effect of washing on the bacterial content. Zentralbl.Bakteriol.Mikrobiol.Hyg.B 1983;177(3-4):342-349. View abstract.

Adsersen, A., Gauguin, B., Gudiksen, L., and Jager, A. K. Screening of plants used in Danish folk medicine to treat memory dysfunction for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. J Ethnopharmacol 4-6-2006;104(3):418-422. View abstract.

Ahmad, H., Tijerina, M. T., and Tobola, A. S. Preferential overexpression of a class MU glutathione S-transferase subunit in mouse liver by myristicin. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 7-30-1997;236(3):825-828. View abstract.

Al Howiriny, T., Al Sohaibani, M., El Tahir, K., and Rafatullah, S. Prevention of experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in rats by an ethanolic extract of "Parsley" Petroselinum crispum. Am.J Chin Med 2003;31(5):699-711. View abstract.

Appendino, G., Jakupovic, J., and Bossio, E. Structural revision of the parsley sesquiterpenes crispanone and crispane. Phytochemistry 11-20-1998;49(6):1719-1722. View abstract.

Arthur, L., Jones, S., Fabri, M., and Odumeru, J. Microbial survey of selected Ontario-grown fresh fruits and vegetables. J Food Prot. 2007;70(12):2864-2867. View abstract.

Aycicek, H., Oguz, U., and Karci, K. Determination of total aerobic and indicator bacteria on some raw eaten vegetables from wholesalers in Ankara, Turkey. Int.J Hyg.Environ.Health 2006;209(2):197-201. View abstract.

Bardalaye, P. C. and Wheeler, W. B. Capillary gas chromatographic determination of prometryn and its degradation products in parsley. J Assoc.Off Anal.Chem 1985;68(4):750-753. View abstract.

Baytak, S. and Turker, A. R. Determination of lead and nickel in environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after column solid-phase extraction on Ambersorb-572 with EDTA. J Hazard.Mater. 2-28-2006;129(1-3):130-136. View abstract.

Baytak, S., Kenduzler, E., Turker, A. R., and Gok, N. Penicillium digitatum immobilized on pumice stone as a new solid phase extractor for preconcentration and/or separation of trace metals in environmental samples. J Hazard.Mater. 5-30-2008;153(3):975-983. View abstract.

Beier, R. C. Natural pesticides and bioactive components in foods. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1990;113:47-137. View abstract.

Birkett, M. A., Dodds, C. J., Henderson, I. F., Leake, L. D., Pickett, J. A., Selby, M. J., and Watson, P. Antifeedant compounds from three species of Apiaceae active against the field slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Muller). J Chem.Ecol. 2004;30(3):563-576. View abstract.

Bobovnikova, TsI, Alekseeva, L. B., Dibtseva, A. V., Chernik, G. V., Orlinsky, D. B., Priputina, I. V., and Pleskachevskaya, G. A. The influence of a capacitor plant in Serpukhov on vegetable contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls. Sci Total Environ. 1-31-2000;246(1):51-60. View abstract.

Bolkent, S., Yanardag, R., Ozsoy-Sacan, O., and Karabulut-Bulan, O. Effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) on the liver of diabetic rats: a morphological and biochemical study. Phytother.Res 2004;18(12):996-999. View abstract.

Borawska, M., Omieljaniuk, N., Rostkowski, J., Otlog, T., and Hamid, F. [Value of nitrates and nitrites in selected vegetables and potatoes sold in the marketplace of Bialystok in the years 1991-1992]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1994;45(1-2):89-96. View abstract.

BRAILSKI, Kh, GR'NCHAROV, V., and MLADENOVA, Z. [Effect of parsley juice and decoction on the secretory and motor function of the stomach and on biliary secretion.]. Vopr.Pitan. 1963;22:13-17. View abstract.

Brat, P., George, S., Bellamy, A., Du, Chaffaut L., Scalbert, A., Mennen, L., Arnault, N., and Amiot, M. J. Daily polyphenol intake in France from fruit and vegetables. J Nutr. 2006;136(9):2368-2373. View abstract.

Bursac, M, Popovic, M, Mitic, R, Kaurinovic, B, and Jakovljevic, V. Effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and celery (Apium graveolens) extracts on induction and sleeping time in mice. 2005;43:780-783.

Butot, S., Putallaz, T., and Sanchez, G. Effects of sanitation, freezing and frozen storage on enteric viruses in berries and herbs. Int J Food Microbiol 8-15-2008;126(1-2):30-35. View abstract.

Callister, S. M. and Agger, W. A. Enumeration and characterization of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae isolated from grocery store produce. Appl.Environ Microbiol 1987;53(2):249-253. View abstract.

Calucci, L., Pinzino, C., Zandomeneghi, M., Capocchi, A., Ghiringhelli, S., Saviozzi, F., Tozzi, S., and Galleschi, L. Effects of gamma-irradiation on the free radical and antioxidant contents in nine aromatic herbs and spices. J Agric.Food Chem 2-12-2003;51(4):927-934. View abstract.

Calvo, M., Carazo, M., Arias, M. L., Chaves, C., Monge, R., and Chinchilla, M. [Prevalence of Cyclospora sp., Cryptosporidium sp, microsporidia and fecal coliform determination in fresh fruit and vegetables consumed in Costa Rica]. Arch.Latinoam.Nutr. 2004;54(4):428-432. View abstract.

Campanella, L., Bonanni, A., Favero, G., and Tomassetti, M. Determination of antioxidant properties of aromatic herbs, olives and fresh fruit using an enzymatic sensor. Anal.Bioanal.Chem 2003;375(8):1011-1016. View abstract.

Campbell, E. W. Plant poisoning Umbelliferae (parsley family). J Maine.Med Assoc. 1966;57(2):40-42. View abstract.

CEKAN, Z. and HEROUT, A. [Flavone glycosides from Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.]. Cesk.Farm. 1954;3(5):165-169. View abstract.

Chaigneau, M. and Muraz, B. [Decontamination of some spices by ethylene oxide. Development of 2-chloroethanol and ethylene glycol during the preservation]. Ann.Pharm Fr. 1993;51(1):47-53. View abstract.

Chaiter, Y., Rennert, G., Fischler, R., Rennert, H. S., Rozen, G., Gruber, S. B., and Amotz, A. B. Dietary intake of carotenoid isomers in Israel. Int.J Vitam.Nutr.Res 2007;77(6):398-405. View abstract.

Chan, Y. C. and Blaschek, H. P. Comparative analysis of Shigella boydii 18 foodborne outbreak isolate and related enteric bacteria: role of rpoS and adiA in acid stress response. J Food Prot. 2005;68(3):521-527. View abstract.

Chaudhary, S. K., Ceska, O., Tetu, C., Warrington, P. J., Ashwood-Smith, M. J., and Poulton, G. A. Oxypeucedanin, a Major Furocoumarin in Parsley, Petroselinum crispum. Planta Med 1986;52(6):462-464. View abstract.

Chen, D. and Dou, Q. P. Tea polyphenols and their roles in cancer prevention and chemotherapy. Int J Mol.Sci 2008;9(7):1196-1206. View abstract.

Chen, J. uspA of Shigella sonnei. J Food Prot. 2007;70(10):2392-2395. View abstract.

Chenard C H, Kopsell D A Kopsell D E. Nitrogen Concentration Affects Nutrient and Carotenoid Accumulation in Parsley. Journal of Plant Nutrition 2005;28(2):285-297.

Chohan, M., Forster-Wilkins, G., and Opara, E. I. Determination of the antioxidant capacity of culinary herbs subjected to various cooking and storage processes using the ABTS(*+) radical cation assay. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr. 2008;63(2):47-52. View abstract.

Christensen, L. P. and Brandt, K. Bioactive polyacetylenes in food plants of the Apiaceae family: occurrence, bioactivity and analysis. J Pharm.Biomed.Anal. 6-7-2006;41(3):683-693. View abstract.

Christodoulopoulos, A. M., Osman, J. J., and Lynch, H. C. Growth inhibition of mammalian cells by synthetic and natural photosensitising agents. Cytotechnology 2002;39(1):47-52. View abstract.

Chrubasik, S., Droste, C., and Black, A. Asparagus P(R) cannot compete with first-line diuretics in lowering the blood pressure in treatment-requiring antihypertensives. Phytother.Res 2009;23(9):1345-1346. View abstract.

Chrubasik, S., Droste, C., Dragano, N., Glimm, E., and Black, A. Effectiveness and tolerability of the herbal mixture Asparagus P on blood pressure in treatment-requiring antihypertensives. Phytomedicine 2006;13(9-10):740-742. View abstract.

Conrath, U., Jeblick, W., and Kauss, H. The protein kinase inhibitor, K-252a, decreases elicitor-induced Ca2+ uptake and K+ release, and increases coumarin synthesis in parsley cells. FEBS Lett. 2-11-1991;279(1):141-144. View abstract.

Dartsch, P. C. Effect of Asparagus-P on cell metabolism of cultured kidney and inflammation-mediating cells. Phytother.Res 2008;22(11):1477-1481. View abstract.

Dartsch, P. C. The potential of Asparagus-P to inactivate reactive oxygen radicals. Phytother.Res 2008;22(2):217-222. View abstract.

Dhiraputra, C., Tiensasitorn, C., Techachaiwiwat, W., Jirapanakorn, N., Kachintorn, K., and Danchaivijitr, S. Bacterial contamination of vegetables served in hospitals. J Med Assoc.Thai. 2005;88 Suppl 10:S42-S48. View abstract.

Dreux, N., Albagnac, C., Carlin, F., Morris, C. E., and Nguyen-the, C. Fate of Listeria spp. on parsley leaves grown in laboratory and field cultures. J Appl.Microbiol 2007;103(5):1821-1827. View abstract.

Dreux, N., Albagnac, C., Federighi, M., Carlin, F., Morris, C. E., and Nguyen-the, C. Viable but non-culturable Listeria monocytogenes on parsley leaves and absence of recovery to a culturable state. J Appl.Microbiol 2007;103(4):1272-1281. View abstract.

Duden, R. and Fricker, A. Enzymatic degradation of polar lipids in deep-frozen parsley. Z Ernahrungswiss.Suppl 1981;20(3):172-181. View abstract.

Duden, R. and Hubner, G. [Enzymatic oxidation reaction in frozen parsley]. Z Ernahrungswiss. 1981;20(4):270-274. View abstract.

Duffy, E. A., Cisneros-Zevallos, L., Castillo, A., Pillai, S. D., Ricke, S. C., and Acuff, G. R. Survival of salmonella transformed to express green fluorescent protein on Italian parsley as affected by processing and storage. J Food Prot. 2005;68(4):687-695. View abstract.

Duffy, E. A., Lucia, L. M., Kells, J. M., Castillo, A., Pillai, S. D., and Acuff, G. R. Concentrations of Escherichia coli and genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance profiling of Salmonella isolated from irrigation water, packing shed equipment, and fresh produce in Texas. J Food Prot. 2005;68(1):70-79. View abstract.

Dusek, B., Hajslova, J., and Kocourek, V. Determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their precursors in biotic matrices. J Chromatogr.A 12-20-2002;982(1):127-143. View abstract.

Dussourd, D. E. Chemical stimulants of leaf-trenching by cabbage loopers: natural products, neurotransmitters, insecticides, and drugs. J Chem.Ecol. 2003;29(9):2023-2047. View abstract.

Eckey-Kaltenbach, H., Ernst, D., Heller, W., and Sandermann, H., Jr. Biochemical Plant Responses to Ozone (IV. Cross-Induction of Defensive Pathways in Parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) Plants). Plant Physiol 1994;104(1):67-74. View abstract.

Eckey-Kaltenbach, H., Kiefer, E., Grosskopf, E., Ernst, D., and Sandermann, H., Jr. Differential transcript induction of parsley pathogenesis-related proteins and of a small heat shock protein by ozone and heat shock. Plant Mol.Biol 1997;33(2):343-350. View abstract.

Edenharder, R., Kurz, P., John, K., Burgard, S., and Seeger, K. In vitro effect of vegetable and fruit juices on the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1994;32(5):443-459. View abstract.

Edenharder, R., Sager, J. W., Glatt, H., Muckel, E., and Platt, K. L. Protection by beverages, fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flavonoids against genotoxicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in metabolically competent V79 cells. Mutat.Res 11-26-2002;521(1-2):57-72. View abstract.

Egan, C. L. and Sterling, G. Phytophotodermatitis: a visit to Margaritaville. Cutis 1993;51(1):41-42. View abstract.

Egin-Buhler, B. and Ebel, J. Improved purification and further characterization of acetyl-CoA carboxylase from cultured cells of parsley (Petroselinum hortense). Eur.J Biochem. 6-15-1983;133(2):335-339. View abstract.

Eidi A, Eidi M, and Badiei L. Antinociceptive effects of ethanolic extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) leaves in mice. Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch 2009;19(3):8.

el Shahawi, M. S. Retention profiles of some commercial pesticides, pyrethroid and acaricide residues and their application to tomato and parsley plants. J Chromatogr.A 1-31-1997;760(2):179-192. View abstract.

Elgayyar, M., Draughon, F. A., Golden, D. A., and Mount, J. R. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. J Food Prot. 2001;64(7):1019-1024. View abstract.

Endley, S., Johnson, E., and Pillai, S. D. A simple method to screen cilantro and parsley for fecal indicator viruses. J Food Prot. 2003;66(8):1506-1509. View abstract.

Fan, X. and Sokorai, K. J. Retention of quality and nutritional value of 13 fresh-cut vegetables treated with low-dose radiation. J Food Sci. 2008;73(7):S367-S372. View abstract.

FAROOQ, M. O., VARSHNEY, I. P., RAHMAN, W., and KHAN, M. S. [Anthoxanthin glycosides of Apium petroselinum and a new synthesis of apigenine.]. Arch Pharm 1959;292/64:792-796. View abstract.

Fejes, S., Blazovics, A., Lemberkovics, E., Petri, G., Sz''oke, E., and Kery, A. Free radical scavenging and membrane protective effects of methanol extracts from Anthriscus cerefolium L. (Hoffm.) and Petroselinum crispum(Mill.) nym. ex A.W. Hill. Phytother.Res 2000;14(5):362-365. View abstract.

Fejes, S., Kery, A., Blazovics, A., Lugasi, A., Lemberkovics, E., Petri, G., and Szoke, E. [Investigation of the in vitro antioxidant effect of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A. W. Hill]. Acta Pharm Hung. 1998;68(3):150-156. View abstract.

Feldheim W. Parsley as a deodorant? Parsley oil reduces garlic odors. Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung (Germany) 1999;139:46.

Fellbrich, G., Blume, B., Brunner, F., Hirt, H., Kroj, T., Ligterink, W., Romanski, A., and Nurnberger, T. Phytophthora parasitica elicitor-induced reactions in cells of Petroselinum crispum. Plant Cell Physiol 2000;41(6):692-701. View abstract.

Fellbrich, G., Romanski, A., Varet, A., Blume, B., Brunner, F., Engelhardt, S., Felix, G., Kemmerling, B., Krzymowska, M., and Nurnberger, T. NPP1, a Phytophthora-associated trigger of plant defense in parsley and Arabidopsis. Plant J 2002;32(3):375-390. View abstract.

Flodrova, D., Dzurova, M., Liskova, D., Mohand, F. A., Mislovicova, D., Malovicova, A., Voburka, Z., Omelkova, J., and Stratilova, E. Pectate hydrolases of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) roots. Z Naturforsch.C. 2007;62(5-6):382-388. View abstract.

From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley--United States and Canada, July-August 1998. JAMA 5-19-1999;281(19):1785-1787. View abstract.

Gadi, D., Bnouham, M., Aziz, M., Ziyyat, A., Legssyer, A., Legrand, C., Lafeve, F. F., and Mekhfi, H. Parsley extract inhibits in vitro and ex vivo platelet aggregation and prolongs bleeding time in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 8-17-2009;125(1):170-174. View abstract.

Gebhardt, Y., Witte, S., Forkmann, G., Lukacin, R., Matern, U., and Martens, S. Molecular evolution of flavonoid dioxygenases in the family Apiaceae. Phytochemistry 2005;66(11):1273-1284. View abstract.

Gerichter, C. B., Sechter, I., Gavish, A., and Cahan, D. Viability of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor and of cholera phage on vegetables. Isr.J Med Sci 1975;11(9):889-895. View abstract.

Girardin, H., Morris, C. E., Albagnac, C., Dreux, N., Glaux, C., and Nguyen-the, C. Behaviour of the pathogen surrogates Listeria innocua and Clostridium sporogenes during production of parsley in fields fertilized with contaminated amendments. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 10-1-2005;54(2):287-295. View abstract.

Glaze, L. E. Collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from whole, cracked, or flaked and ground spices. J Assoc.Off Anal.Chem. 1975;58(3):447-450. View abstract.

Gomez-Coronado, D. J., Ibanez, E., Ruperez, F. J., and Barbas, C. Tocopherol measurement in edible products of vegetable origin. J Chromatogr.A 10-29-2004;1054(1-2):227-233. View abstract.

Gorgus, E., Lohr, C., Raquet, N., Guth, S., and Schrenk, D. Limettin and furocoumarins in beverages containing citrus juices or extracts. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2010;48(1):93-98. View abstract.

Gorna-Binkul, A., Keymeulen, R., Van Langenhove, H., and Buszewski, B. Determination of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit and vegetables by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr.A 5-24-1996;734(2):297-302. View abstract.

Gravot, A., Larbat, R., Hehn, A., Lievre, K., Gontier, E., Goergen, J. L., and Bourgaud, F. Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase mechanism-based inactivation by psoralen derivatives: cloning and characterization of a C4H from a psoralen producing plant-Ruta graveolens-exhibiting low sensitivity to psoralen inactivation. Arch Biochem.Biophys. 2-1-2004;422(1):71-80. View abstract.

Griffiths, I. B. and Douglas, R. G. Phytophotodermatitis in pigs exposed to parsley (Petroselinum crispum). Vet.Rec. 1-15-2000;146(3):73-74. View abstract.

Grisebach, H. and Bilhuber, W. [On the biosynthesis of apigenin and chrysoeriol in parsley]. Z Naturforsch.B 1967;22(7):746-751. View abstract.

Guiet, S., Robins, R. J., Lees, M., and Billault, I. Quantitative 2H NMR analysis of deuterium distribution in petroselinic acid isolated from parsley seed. Phytochemistry 2003;64(1):227-233. View abstract.

Gutierrez, J., Rodriguez, G., Barry-Ryan, C., and Bourke, P. Efficacy of plant essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with ready-to-eat vegetables: antimicrobial and sensory screening. J Food Prot. 2008;71(9):1846-1854. View abstract.

Gzyl, J. Lead and cadmium contamination of soil and vegetables in the Upper Silesia region of Poland. Sci Total Environ. 1990;96(1-2):199-209. View abstract.

Hehmann, M., Lukacin, R., Ekiert, H., and Matern, U. Furanocoumarin biosynthesis in Ammi majus L. Cloning of bergaptol O-methyltransferase. Eur.J Biochem. 2004;271(5):932-940. View abstract.

Hempel, J., Pforte, H., Raab, B., Engst, W., Bohm, H., and Jacobasch, G. Flavonols and flavones of parsley cell suspension culture change the antioxidative capacity of plasma in rats. Nahrung 1999;43(3):201-204. View abstract.

Holk R, Scherer G. Fatty acids and lysophospholipids as potential second messengers in auxin action. Rapid activation of phospholipase A2 activity by auxin in suspension-cultured parsley and soybean cells. Plant Journal 1998;16(5):601-611.

Howes, A. W., Dutton, M. F., and Chuturgoon, A. A. Metabolism of aflatoxin B1 by Petroselinum crispum (parsley). Mycopathologia 1991;113(1):25-29. View abstract.

Hsu, W. Y., Simonne, A., and Jitareerat, P. Fates of seeded Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on selected fresh culinary herbs during refrigerated storage. J Food Prot. 2006;69(8):1997-2001. View abstract.

Huang, F. Y., Philosoph-Hadas, S., Meir, S., Callaham, D. A., Sabato, R., Zelcer, A., and Hepler, P. K. Increases in Cytosolic Ca2+ in Parsley Mesophyll Cells Correlate with Leaf Senescence. Plant Physiol 1997;115(1):51-60. View abstract.

Hudson, J. A. and Mott, S. J. Presence of Listeria monocytogenes, motile aeromonads and Yersinia enterocolitica in environmental samples taken from a supermarket delicatessen. Int J Food Microbiol 6-1-1993;18(4):333-337. View abstract.

Ikeda, K., Schiltz, E., Fujii, T., Takahashi, M., Mitsui, K., Kodera, Y., Matsushima, A., Inada, Y., Schulz, G. E., and Nishimura, H. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase modified with polyethylene glycol: potential therapeutic agent for phenylketonuria. Amino.Acids 2005;29(3):283-287. View abstract.

Innocenti, G., Dall'Acqua, F., and Caporale, G. Investigations of the content of furocoumarins in Apium graveolens and in Petroselinum sativum. Planta Med 1976;29(2):165-170. View abstract.

Insulander, M., de Jong, B., and Svenungsson, B. A food-borne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among guests and staff at a hotel restaurant in Stockholm county, Sweden, September 2008. Euro.Surveill 12-18-2008;13(51) View abstract.

Islam, M., Doyle, M. P., Phatak, S. C., Millner, P., and Jiang, X. Persistence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. J Food Prot. 2004;67(7):1365-1370. View abstract.

Islam, M., Morgan, J., Doyle, M. P., Phatak, S. C., Millner, P., and Jiang, X. Persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium on lettuce and parsley and in soils on which they were grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. Foodborne.Pathog.Dis. 2004;1(1):27-35. View abstract.

Jia, X., Liu, J., and Xiang, H. [A new strategy of gene therapy for hyperphenylalaninemia rats]. Zhonghua Yi.Xue.Za Zhi. 2000;80(6):464-467. View abstract.

Jimenez-Alvarez, D., Giuffrida, F., Golay, P. A., Cotting, C., Lardeau, A., and Keely, B. J. Antioxidant activity of oregano, parsley, and olive mill wastewaters in bulk oils and oil-in-water emulsions enriched in fish oil. J Agric.Food Chem. 8-27-2008;56(16):7151-7159. View abstract.

Jimenez-Alvarez, D., Giuffrida, F., Vanrobaeys, F., Golay, P. A., Cotting, C., Lardeau, A., and Keely, B. J. High-throughput methods to assess lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity of food extracts in vitro. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-28-2008;56(10):3470-3477. View abstract.

Johannot, L. and Somerset, S. M. Age-related variations in flavonoid intake and sources in the Australian population. Public Health Nutr. 2006;9(8):1045-1054. View abstract.

Johnston, L. M., Jaykus, L. A., Moll, D., Martinez, M. C., Anciso, J., Mora, B., and Moe, C. L. A field study of the microbiological quality of fresh produce. J Food Prot. 2005;68(9):1840-1847. View abstract.

Justesen, U. Negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation low-energy collision activation mass spectrometry for the characterisation of flavonoids in extracts of fresh herbs. J Chromatogr.A 12-15-2000;902(2):369-379. View abstract.

KARMAZIN, M. [Evaluation of fruit and root Petroselinum on the basis of colorimetric determination of apiol and myristicin.]. Pharmazie 1955;10(1):57-60. View abstract.

Kasidas, G. P. and Rose, G. A. Oxalate content of some common foods: determination by an enzymatic method. J Hum.Nutr. 1980;34(4):255-266. View abstract.

Katz, V. A., Thulke, O. U., and Conrath, U. A benzothiadiazole primes parsley cells for augmented elicitation of defense responses. Plant Physiol 1998;117(4):1333-1339. View abstract.

Kauppinen, K., Kousa, M., and Reunala, T. Aromatic plants--a cause of severe attacks of angio-edema and urticaria. Contact Dermatitis 1980;6(4):251-254. View abstract.

Khalil, R. K. and Frank, J. F. Behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on damaged leaves of spinach, lettuce, cilantro, and parsley stored at abusive temperatures. J Food Prot. 2010;73(2):212-220. View abstract.

Khater, H. F. and Shalaby, A. A. Potential of biologically active plant oils to control mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens, Diptera: Culicidae) from an Egyptian locality. Rev Inst.Med Trop.Sao Paulo 2008;50(2):107-112. View abstract.

Kirsch, C., Logemann, E., Lippok, B., Schmelzer, E., and Hahlbrock, K. A highly specific pathogen-responsive promoter element from the immediate-early activated CMPG1 gene in Petroselinum crispum. Plant J 2001;26(2):217-227. View abstract.

Kneusel, R. E., Matern, U., and Nicolay, K. Formation of trans-caffeoyl-CoA from trans-4-coumaroyl-CoA by Zn2+-dependent enzymes in cultured plant cells and its activation by an elicitor-induced pH shift. Arch Biochem.Biophys. 1989;269(2):455-462. View abstract.

Knio, K. M., Usta, J., Dagher, S., Zournajian, H., and Kreydiyyeh, S. Larvicidal activity of essential oils extracted from commonly used herbs in Lebanon against the seaside mosquito, Ochlerotatus caspius. Bioresour.Technol. 2008;99(4):763-768. View abstract.

Kobori, C. N. and Amaya, D. B. Uncultivated Brazilian green leaves are richer sources of carotenoids than are commercially produced leafy vegetables. Food Nutr.Bull. 2008;29(4):320-328. View abstract.

Kombrink, E. and Hahlbrock, K. Responses of Cultured Parsley Cells to Elicitors from Phytopathogenic Fungi : Timing and Dose Dependency of Elicitor-Induced Reactions. Plant Physiol 1986;81(1):216-221. View abstract.

Kormil'tseva, I. V. [Contact dermatitis due to parsley]. Vestn.Dermatol.Venerol. 1982;(5):51-53. View abstract.

Kosolapov, A. B., Tsybul'ko, E. I., Makarova, E. V., and Cherevach, E. I. [Use of the syrup prepared on the basis of wild-growing grasses of the Far East, in preventive maintenance of respiratory diseases and microelementoza at children]. Vopr.Pitan. 2004;73(4):21-24. View abstract.

Kowalska-Pylka, H., Kot, A., Wiercinski, J., Kursa, K., Walkuska, G., and Cybulski, W. [Lead, cadmium, copper and zinc content in vegetables, gooseberry fruit and soil from gardening plots of Lublin]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1995;46(1):3-12. View abstract.

Krelowska-Kulas, M. Content of fluorine in vegetables and fruits from an industrial area. Nahrung 1994;38(4):397-401. View abstract.

Krelowska-Kulas, M. Determination of the level of certain trace elements in vegetables in differently contaminated regions. Nahrung 1993;37(5):456-462. View abstract.

Kreydiyyeh, S. I. and Usta, J. Diuretic effect and mechanism of action of parsley. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;79(3):353-357. View abstract.

Kuriyama, I., Musumi, K., Yonezawa, Y., Takemura, M., Maeda, N., Iijima, H., Hada, T., Yoshida, H., and Mizushina, Y. Inhibitory effects of glycolipids fraction from spinach on mammalian DNA polymerase activity and human cancer cell proliferation. J Nutr.Biochem. 2005;16(10):594-601. View abstract.

Lagey, K., Duinslaeger, L., and Vanderkelen, A. Burns induced by plants. Burns 1995;21(7):542-543. View abstract.

Lang, M. M., Harris, L. J., and Beuchat, L. R. Survival and recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes on lettuce and parsley as affected by method of inoculation, time between inoculation and analysis, and treatment with chlorinated water. J Food Prot. 2004;67(6):1092-1103. View abstract.

Lapidot, A. and Yaron, S. Transfer of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium from contaminated irrigation water to parsley is dependent on curli and cellulose, the biofilm matrix components. J Food Prot. 2009;72(3):618-623. View abstract.

Lapidot, A., Romling, U., and Yaron, S. Biofilm formation and the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium on parsley. Int J Food Microbiol 6-15-2006;109(3):229-233. View abstract.

Lechtenberg, M., Zumdick, S., Gerhards, C., Schmidt, T. J., and Hensel, A. Evaluation of analytical markers characterising different drying methods of parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum L.). Pharmazie 2007;62(12):949-954. View abstract.

Leienbach, K. W. and Barz, W. [Metabolism of nicotinic acid in plant cell suspension cultures: II; Isolation, characterization and enzymology of nicotinic acid N-alpha-arabinoside (author's transl)]. Hoppe Seylers.Z Physiol Chem 1976;357(8):1069-1080. View abstract.

Lipinska, J. and Oprzadek, K. [Evaluation of metal contents in vegetables from Siedlce gardens]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1996;47(2):211-216. View abstract.

Liu, J., Jia, X., Zhang, J., Xiang, H., Hu, W., and Zhou, Y. Study on a novel strategy to treatment of phenylketonuria. Artif.Cells Blood Substit.Immobil.Biotechnol 2002;30(4):243-257. View abstract.

Lodhia, P., Yaegaki, K., Khakbaznejad, A., Imai, T., Sato, T., Tanaka, T., Murata, T., and Kamoda, T. Effect of green tea on volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air. J Nutr.Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2008;54(1):89-94. View abstract.

Logemann, E., Tavernaro, A., Schulz, W., Somssich, I. E., and Hahlbrock, K. UV light selectively coinduces supply pathways from primary metabolism and flavonoid secondary product formation in parsley. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci U.S.A 2-15-2000;97(4):1903-1907. View abstract.

Loyall, L., Uchida, K., Braun, S., Furuya, M., and Frohnmeyer, H. Glutathione and a UV light-induced glutathione S-transferase are involved in signaling to chalcone synthase in cell cultures. Plant Cell 2000;12(10):1939-1950. View abstract.

Lozoya, E., Hoffmann, H., Douglas, C., Schulz, W., Scheel, D., and Hahlbrock, K. Primary structures and catalytic properties of isoenzymes encoded by the two 4-coumarate: CoA ligase genes in parsley. Eur.J Biochem. 10-1-1988;176(3):661-667. View abstract.

Luppi, A. and Bucci, G. [Epidemiological studies of morbidity in a rural community. 3. An occupational dermatitis in gardeners caused by celery and parsley]. Ig Mod. 1970;63(11):617-623. View abstract.

Lutynski, R. The role of lead as an environmental pollutant in the period of growing ecological consciousness. Przegl.Lek. 1996;53(4):371-374. View abstract.

Maleki, A. and Zarasvand, M. A. Heavy metals in selected edible vegetables and estimation of their daily intake in Sanandaj, Iran. Southeast Asian J Trop.Med.Public Health 2008;39(2):335-340. View abstract.

Manderfeld, M. M., Schafer, H. W., Davidson, P. M., and Zottola, E. A. Isolation and identification of antimicrobial furocoumarins from parsley. J Food Prot. 1997;60(1):72-77. View abstract.

Matern, U. Coumarins and other phenylpropanoid compounds in the defense response of plant cells. Planta Med 1991;57(7 Suppl):S15-S20. View abstract.

Matern, U., Heller, W., and Himmelspach, K. Conformational changes of apigenin 7-O-(6-O-malonylglucoside), a vacuolar pigment from parsley, with solvent composition and proton concentration. Eur.J Biochem. 6-15-1983;133(2):439-448. View abstract.

McCue, K. F. and Conn, E. E. Induction of Shikimic Acid Pathway Enzymes by Light in Suspension Cultured Cells of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum). Plant Physiol 1990;94(2):507-510. View abstract.

Meeran, S. M. and Katiyar, S. K. Cell cycle control as a basis for cancer chemoprevention through dietary agents. Front Biosci. 2008;13:2191-2202. View abstract.

Mekhfi, H., El Haouari, M., Legssyer, A., Bnouham, M., Aziz, M., Atmani, F., Remmal, A., and Ziyyat, A. Platelet anti-aggregant property of some Moroccan medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;94(2-3):317-322. View abstract.

Mele, V. [On poisoning with parsley used as an abortifacient]. Folia Med (Napoli) 1968;51(8):601-613. View abstract.

Meyer, H., Bolarinwa, A., Wolfram, G., and Linseisen, J. Bioavailability of apigenin from apiin-rich parsley in humans. Ann Nutr.Metab 2006;50(3):167-172. View abstract.

Miller, E. C., Swanson, A. B., Phillips, D. H., Fletcher, T. L., Liem, A., and Miller, J. A. Structure-activity studies of the carcinogenicities in the mouse and rat of some naturally occurring and synthetic alkenylbenzene derivatives related to safrole and estragole. Cancer Res 1983;43(3):1124-1134. View abstract.

Moazedi, A. A., Mirzaie, D. N., Seyyednejad, S. M., Zadkarami, M. R., and Amirzargar, A. Spasmolytic effect of Petroselinum crispum (Parsley) on rat's ileum at different calcium chloride concentrations. Pak.J Biol Sci 11-15-2007;10(22):4036-4042. View abstract.

Mohamed, A. E., Rashed, M. N., and Mofty, A. Assessment of essential and toxic elements in some kinds of vegetables. Ecotoxicol.Environ Saf 2003;55(3):251-260. View abstract.

Morris, C. E., Monier, J., and Jacques, M. Methods for Observing Microbial Biofilms Directly on Leaf Surfaces and Recovering Them for Isolation of Culturable Microorganisms. Appl.Environ.Microbiol. 1997;63(4):1570-1576. View abstract.

Moustafa, S. M., El Shamy, I. M., and Shaheen, N. Studies on growth and chemical constituents of parsley plants in relation to ontogenesis. Pak.J Pharm Sci 1990;3(1):41-51. View abstract.

Muller, M. and Anke, M. Distribution of cadmium in the food chain (soil-plant-human) of a cadmium exposed area and the health risks of the general population. Sci Total Environ 11-25-1994;156(2):151-158. View abstract.

Nabrzyski, M. and Gajewska, R. [The content of nitrates and nitrites in fruits, vegetables and other foodstuffs]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1994;45(3):167-180. View abstract.

Naimi, T. S., Wicklund, J. H., Olsen, S. J., Krause, G., Wells, J. G., Bartkus, J. M., Boxrud, D. J., Sullivan, M., Kassenborg, H., Besser, J. M., Mintz, E. D., Osterholm, M. T., and Hedberg, C. W. Concurrent outbreaks of Shigella sonnei and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections associated with parsley: implications for surveillance and control of foodborne illness. J Food Prot. 2003;66(4):535-541. View abstract.

Nawrocki, J. The protection of parsley seedlings (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. ssp. microcarpum) against damping-off. Commun Agric Appl.Biol Sci 2006;71(3 Pt B):993-997. View abstract.

Nielsen, S. E. and Dragsted, L. O. Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for determination of apigenin and acacetin in human urine with ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr.B Biomed.Sci Appl. 8-25-1998;713(2):379-386. View abstract.

O'Mahony, R., Al Khtheeri, H., Weerasekera, D., Fernando, N., Vaira, D., Holton, J., and Basset, C. Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 12-21-2005;11(47):7499-7507. View abstract.

Ohyama, S., Kitamori, S., Kawano, H., Yamada, T., Inamasu, T., Ishizawa, M., and Ishinishi, N. Ingestion of parsley inhibits the mutagenicity of male human urine following consumption of fried salmon. Mutat.Res 1987;192(1):7-10. View abstract.

Ojala, T., Remes, S., Haansuu, P., Vuorela, H., Hiltunen, R., Haahtela, K., and Vuorela, P. Antimicrobial activity of some coumarin containing herbal plants growing in Finland. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;73(1-2):299-305. View abstract.

Omura, Y. and Beckman, S. L. Role of mercury (Hg) in resistant infections & effective treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis and Herpes family viral infections (and potential treatment for cancer) by removing localized Hg deposits with Chinese parsley and delivering effective antibiotics using various drug uptake enhancement methods. Acupunct.Electrother.Res 1995;20(3-4):195-229. View abstract.

Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley--United States and Canada, July-August 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 4-16-1999;48(14):285-289. View abstract.

Ozcelik F, Yarat A Yanardag R Tunali T. Limited Effects of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum ) on Protein Glycation and Glutathione in Lenses of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Pharmaceutical Biology 2001;39(3):230-234.

Ozsoy-Sacan, O., Yanardag, R., Orak, H., Ozgey, Y., Yarat, A., and Tunali, T. Effects of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) extract versus glibornuride on the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 3-8-2006;104(1-2):175-181. View abstract.

Ozturk, L., Bulbul, M., Elmastas, M., and Ciftci, M. Purification and some kinetic properties of catalase from parsley (Petroselinum hortense Hoffm., Apiaceae) leaves. Prep.Biochem.Biotechnol 2007;37(3):229-238. View abstract.

Park, C. E. and Sanders, G. W. Occurrence of thermotolerant campylobacters in fresh vegetables sold at farmers' outdoor markets and supermarkets. Can.J Microbiol 1992;38(4):313-316. View abstract.

Parry J, Zhigang H Luther M Lan S Zhoua K Yua L. Characterization of Cold-Pressed Onion, Parsley, Cardamom, Mullein, Roasted Pumpkin, and Milk Thistle Seed Oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 2006;83(10):847-854.

Patel, D., Shukla, S., and Gupta, S. Apigenin and cancer chemoprevention: progress, potential and promise (review). Int J Oncol 2007;30(1):233-245. View abstract.

Pavlickova, J., Zbiral, J., Smatanova, M., Habarta, P., Houserova, P., and Kuban, V. Uptake of thallium from naturally-contaminated soils into vegetables. Food Addit.Contam 2006;23(5):484-491. View abstract.

Pereira, C., Li, D., and Sinclair, A. J. The alpha-linolenic acid content of green vegetables commonly available in Australia. Int J Vitam.Nutr.Res 2001;71(4):223-228. View abstract.

Perelman, B. and Kuttin, E. S. Parsley-induced photosensitivity in ostriches and ducks. Avian Pathol. 1988;17(1):183-192. View abstract.

Peterson, S., Lampe, J. W., Bammler, T. K., Gross-Steinmeyer, K., and Eaton, D. L. Apiaceous vegetable constituents inhibit human cytochrome P-450 1A2 (hCYP1A2) activity and hCYP1A2-mediated mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2006;44(9):1474-1484. View abstract.

Pforte, H., Hempel, J., and Jacobasch, G. Distribution pattern of a flavonoid extract in the gastrointestinal lumen and wall of rats. Nahrung 1999;43(3):205-208. View abstract.

Phillips, D. H., Reddy, M. V., and Randerath, K. 32P-post-labelling analysis of DNA adducts formed in the livers of animals treated with safrole, estragole and other naturally-occurring alkenylbenzenes. II. Newborn male B6C3F1 mice. Carcinogenesis 1984;5(12):1623-1628. View abstract.

Popovic, M., Kaurinovic, B., Jakovljevic, V., Mimica-Dukic, N., and Bursac, M. Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex A.W. Hill, Apiaceae) extracts on some biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in mice treated with CCl(4). Phytother.Res 2007;21(8):717-723. View abstract.

Poynter, S. D. and Shellie, R. A. High-speed, low-pressure gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for essential oil analysis. J Chromatogr.A 7-18-2008;1200(1):28-33. View abstract.

Putnam, S. E., Scutt, A. M., Bicknell, K., Priestley, C. M., and Williamson, E. M. Natural products as alternative treatments for metabolic bone disorders and for maintenance of bone health. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(2):99-112. View abstract.

RAJKOWSKI, Z. [Studies on the essential oil from parsley fruits (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.)]. Acta Pol.Pharm 1962;19:383-394. View abstract.

Ren, S. and Lien, E. J. Natural products and their derivatives as cancer chemopreventive agents. Prog.Drug Res 1997;48:147-171. View abstract.

Rieu, A., Guzzo, J., and Piveteau, P. Sensitivity to acetic acid, ability to colonize abiotic surfaces and virulence potential of Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e after incubation on parsley leaves. J Appl.Microbiol 2010;108(2):560-570. View abstract.

Rise, M., Cojocaru, M., Gottlieb, H. E., and Goldschmidt, E. E. Accumulation of alpha-Tocopherol in Senescing Organs as Related to Chlorophyll Degradation. Plant Physiol 1989;89(4):1028-1030. View abstract.

Roberts, R. M., Shah, R. H., Golebiewski, A., and Loewus, F. Incorporation of Methanol into Pectic Substance. Plant Physiol 1967;42(12):1737-1742. View abstract.

RODIGHIERO, G. and ALLEGRI, G. [Research on the bergaptene content of celery and parsley.]. Farmaco Sci 1959;14:727-733. View abstract.

Rontani, J. F., Rabourdin, A., Pinot, F., Kandel, S., and Aubert, C. Visible light-induced oxidation of unsaturated components of cutins: a significant process during the senescence of higher plants. Phytochemistry 2005;66(3):313-321. View abstract.

Rostkowski, J., Borawska, M., Omieljaniuk, N., and Otlog, K. [Content of nitrates and nitrites in early vegetables and potatoes sold in the marketplace of Bialystok in the year 1992]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1994;45(1-2):81-87. View abstract.

Roszczenko, A., Rogalska, J., Potapczuk, L., and Kleczynska, A. [Influence of thermal processing and storage on the content of nitrates and nitrites in chosen vegetables from the Podlasie province]. Przegl.Lek. 2001;58 Suppl 7:30-34. View abstract.

Salim R, Sayrafi S A Sayrafi O Al-Subu M M Isa M. Effect of irrigation with lead and cadmium on the growth and on the metal uptake of cauliflower, spinach, and parsley. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Environmental Science & Engineering & Toxic & Hazardous Substance Control 1995;30(4):831.

Samadi, N., Abadian, N., Bakhtiari, D., Fazeli, M. R., and Jamalifar, H. Efficacy of detergents and fresh produce disinfectants against microorganisms associated with mixed raw vegetables. J Food Prot. 2009;72(7):1486-1490. View abstract.

Schmelzer, E., Jahnen, W., and Hahlbrock, K. In situ localization of light-induced chalcone synthase mRNA, chalcone synthase, and flavonoid end products in epidermal cells of parsley leaves. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci U.S.A 1988;85(9):2989-2993. View abstract.

Schmidtlein, H. and Herrmann, K. [On the phenolic acids of vegetables. IV. Hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids of vegetables and potatoes (author's transl)]. Z Lebensm.Unters.Forsch 12-16-1975;159(5):255-263. View abstract.

Shearer, A. E., Strapp, C. M., and Joerger, R. D. Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-based system for detection of Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria spp., and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh fruits and vegetables. J Food Prot. 2001;64(6):788-795. View abstract.

Shirron, N., Kisluk, G., Zelikovich, Y., Eivin, I., Shimoni, E., and Yaron, S. A comparative study assaying commonly used sanitizers for antimicrobial activity against indicator bacteria and a Salmonella Typhimurium strain on fresh produce. J Food Prot. 2009;72(11):2413-2417. View abstract.

Smigiel, D. [Accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cd) in selected varieties of vegetables]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1994;45(4):279-284. View abstract.

Somerset, S. M. and Johannot, L. Dietary flavonoid sources in Australian adults. Nutr Cancer 2008;60(4):442-449. View abstract.

Speer, K., Horstmann, P., Steeg, E., Kuhn, T., and Montag, A. [The analysis of polycyclics in vegetable samples]. Z Lebensm.Unters.Forsch 1990;191(6):442-448. View abstract.

Stransky, L. and Tsankov, N. Contact dermatitis from parsley (Petroselinum). Contact Dermatitis 1980;6(3):233-234. View abstract.

Thomason, B. M., Cherry, W. B., and Dodd, D. J. Salmonellae in health foods. Appl.Environ Microbiol 1977;34(5):602-603. View abstract.

Tobin, A. J. Carbonic anhydrase from parsley leaves. J Biol Chem 5-25-1970;245(10):2656-2666. View abstract.

Tschape, H., Prager, R., Streckel, W., Fruth, A., Tietze, E., and Bohme, G. Verotoxinogenic Citrobacter freundii associated with severe gastroenteritis and cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in a nursery school: green butter as the infection source. Epidemiol.Infect. 1995;114(3):441-450. View abstract.

Tuinema, R. M., Uijlings, R., Dijkman, M. A., van den Broek, M. P., and de Lange, D. W. [Intoxication with Monkshood (Aconitum napellus)]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 2009;153:A387. View abstract.

Tun, N. N., Holk, A., and Scherer, G. F. Rapid increase of NO release in plant cell cultures induced by cytokinin. FEBS Lett. 12-7-2001;509(2):174-176. View abstract.

Vora, S. R., Patil, R. B., and Pillai, M. M. Protective effects of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Nyman ex A. W. Hill leaf extract on D-galactose-induced oxidative stress in mouse brain. Indian J Exp.Biol 2009;47(5):338-342. View abstract.

Wahba, N. M., Ahmed, A. S., and Ebraheim, Z. Z. Antimicrobial effects of pepper, parsley, and dill and their roles in the microbiological quality enhancement of traditional Egyptian Kareish cheese. Foodborne.Pathog.Dis. 2010;7(4):411-418. View abstract.

Wang, L., Sterling, B., and Don, P. Berloque dermatitis induced by "Florida water". Cutis 2002;70(1):29-30. View abstract.

Wawrzyniak, A., Gronowska-Senger, A., and Majchrzak, D. [Values of nitrates and nitrites in selected vegetables given to hospitalized children]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1993;44(4):317-323. View abstract.

Wei, A. and Shibamoto, T. Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils. J Agric.Food Chem. 3-7-2007;55(5):1737-1742. View abstract.

Wei, A. and Shibamoto, T. Antioxidant activities of essential oil mixtures toward skin lipid squalene oxidized by UV irradiation. Cutan.Ocul.Toxicol. 2007;26(3):227-233. View abstract.

Wellmann, E. UV dose-dependent induction of enzymes related to flavonoid biosynthesis in cell suspension cultures of parsley. FEBS Lett. 3-1-1975;51(1):105-107. View abstract.

WINTER, H. [Proteins in parsley seeds (Petroselinum sativum).]. Arch Pharm Ber.Dtsch.Pharm Ges. 1957;290(4):200-203. View abstract.

Wright, C. I., Van Buren, L., Kroner, C. I., and Koning, M. M. Herbal medicines as diuretics: a review of the scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 10-8-2007;114(1):1-31. View abstract.

Wu, F. M., Doyle, M. P., Beuchat, L. R., Wells, J. G., Mintz, E. D., and Swaminathan, B. Fate of Shigella sonnei on parsley and methods of disinfection. J Food Prot. 2000;63(5):568-572. View abstract.

Wulf, L. W., Nagel, C. W., and Branen, A. L. High-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of the naturally occurring toxicants myristicin, related aromatic ethers and falcarinol. J Chromatogr. 11-21-1978;161:271-278. View abstract.

Yan, Y., Huang, L., and Koffas, M. A. Biosynthesis of 5-deoxyflavanones in microorganisms. Biotechnol J 2007;2(10):1250-1262. View abstract.

Yanardag, R., Bolkent, S., Tabakoglu-Oguz, A., and Ozsoy-Sacan, O. Effects of Petroselinum crispum extract on pancreatic B cells and blood glucose of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2003;26(8):1206-1210. View abstract.

Yarnell, E. Botanical medicines for the urinary tract. World J Urol. 2002;20(5):285-293. View abstract.

Yildiz, L., Baskan, K. S., Tutem, E., and Apak, R. Combined HPLC-CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) assay of parsley, celery leaves, and nettle. Talanta 10-19-2008;77(1):304-313. View abstract.

Yoshikawa, M., Uemura, T., Shimoda, H., Kishi, A., Kawahara, Y., and Matsuda, H. Medicinal foodstuffs. XVIII. Phytoestrogens from the aerial part of Petroselinum crispum MIll. (Parsley) and structures of 6"-acetylapiin and a new monoterpene glycoside, petroside. Chem Pharm Bull.(Tokyo) 2000;48(7):1039-1044. View abstract.

Zalewski, W., Oprzadek, K., Syrocka, K., Lipinska, J., and Jaroszynska, J. [Value of harmful elements in fruit and vegetables grown in the province of Siedlce]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1994;45(1-2):19-26. View abstract.

Zalewski, W., Syrocka, K., and Oprzadek, K. [Determination of elements hazardous to health in vegetables grown in the Siedlece district]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1989;40(1):16-20. View abstract.

Zawadzka, T., Mazur, H., Starska, K., Wojciechowska-Mazurek, M., Cwiek, K., Brulinska-Ostrowska, E., Uminska, R., and Bichniewicz, A. [Content of metals in vegetables from various regions of poland in the years 1986-1988. II. Content of zinc and copper]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1990;41(3-4):132-143. View abstract.

Zawadzka, T., Mazur, H., Wojciechowska-Mazurek, M., Starska, K., Brulinska-Ostrowska, E., Cwiek, K., Uminska, R., and Bichniewicz, A. [Content of metals in vegetables from various regions of Poland in the years 1986-1988. I. Content of lead, cadmium and mercury]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1990;41(3-4):111-131. View abstract.

Zaynoun, S., Abi, Ali L., Tenekjian, K., and Kurban, A. The bergapten content of garden parsley and its significance in causing cutaneous photosensitization. Clin.Exp.Dermatol. 1985;10(4):328-331. View abstract.

Zheng, G. Q., Kenney, P. M., Zhang, J., and Lam, L. K. Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumorigenesis by myristicin, a volatile aroma constituent of parsley leaf oil. Carcinogenesis 1992;13(10):1921-1923. View abstract.

Zhou, G. D., Moorthy, B., Bi, J., Donnelly, K. C., and Randerath, K. DNA adducts from alkoxyallylbenzene herb and spice constituents in cultured human (HepG2) cells. Environ.Mol.Mutagen. 2007;48(9):715-721. View abstract.

Zidorn, C., Johrer, K., Ganzera, M., Schubert, B., Sigmund, E. M., Mader, J., Greil, R., Ellmerer, E. P., and Stuppner, H. Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities. J Agric.Food Chem. 4-6-2005;53(7):2518-2523. View abstract.

Zommer-Urbanska, S., Bojarowicz, H., and Kuklinski, M. [Effect of emissions from the glass factory "Sudety" in Szczytna on the levels of lead and fluorine in selected vegetables and fruit collected in 1989]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1991;42(2):127-130. View abstract.

Zommer-Urbanska, S., Topolewski, P., Wojciech, P., and Bojarowicz, H. [Effect of emissions from the Household Glassware Factory (HGF) "Irena" in Inowroclaw on the levels of fluorine and lead in selected vegetables and fruit harvested in 1988]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1991;42(1):25-32. View abstract.

Bolton-Smith C, Price RJ, Fenton ST, et al. Compilation of a provisional UK database for the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods. Br J Nutr 2000;83:389-99. View abstract.

Chuang CH, Doyle P, Wang JD, et al. Herbal medicines used during the first trimester and major congenital malformations: an analysis of data from a pregnancy cohort study. Drug Saf 2006;29:537-48. View abstract.

Ciganda C, and Laborde A. Herbal infusions used for induced abortion. J Toxicol.Clin Toxicol. 2003;41:235-239. View abstract.

Eberhard P, Gall HM, Muller I, Moller R. Dramatic augmentation of a food allergy by acetylsalicylic acid. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:844.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal, 4th ed., Binghamton, NY: Haworth Herbal Press, 1999.

Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:1221-7. View abstract.

Jakovljevic, V., Raskovic, A., Popovic, M., and Sabo, J. The effect of celery and parsley juices on pharmacodynamic activity of drugs involving cytochrome P450 in their metabolism. Eur.J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2002;27(3):153-156. View abstract.

Janssen K, Mensink RP, Cox FJ, et al. Effects of the flavonoids quercetin and apigenin on hemostasis in healthy volunteers: results from an in vitro and a dietary supplement study. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:255-62. View abstract.

Kreydiyyeh SI, Usta J, Kaouk I, et al. The mechanism underlying the laxative properties of parsley extract. Phytomedicine 2001;8:382-8.. View abstract.

Nielsen SE, Young JF, Daneshvar B, et al. Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) intake on urinary apigenin excretion, blood antioxidant enzymes and biomarkers for oxidative stress in human subjects. Br J Nutr 1999;81:447-55. View abstract.

O'Neil J, Hughes S, Lourie A, Zweifler J. Effects of echinacea on the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008;100:384-8. View abstract.

Ojala T, Vuorela P, Kiviranta J, et al. A bioassay using Artemia salina for detecting phototoxicity of plant coumarins. Planta Med 1999;65:715-8. View abstract.

Potter, J. D. and Steinmetz, K. Vegetables, fruit and phytoestrogens as preventive agents. IARC Sci Publ 1996;(139):61-90. View abstract.

Robbers JE, Tyler VE. Tyler's Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. New York, NY: The Haworth Herbal Press, 1999.

Schamschula, R. G., Sugar, E., Un, P. S., Duppenthaler, J. L., Toth, K., and Barmes, D. E. Aluminium, calcium and magnesium content of Hungarian foods and dietary intakes by children aged 3.9 and 14 years. Acta Physiol Hung 1988;72(2):237-251. View abstract.

Tunali T, Yarat A, Yanardag R, et al. Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) on the skin of STZ induced diabetic rats. Phytother Res 1999;13:138-41.. View abstract.