Lemongrass

Last Editorial Review: 6/11/2021
Other Name(s):

Andropogon citratus, Andropogon flexuosus, British Indian Lemongrass, Capim-Cidrao, Ceylon Citronella Grass, Citronella, Citronnelle, Citronnelle de Ceylan, Citronnelle des Indes, Citronnelle de Java, Citronnelle de Madagascar, Cochin Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cymbopogon nardis, East Indian Lemongrass, Fever Grass, Guatemala Lemongrass, Herbe Citron, Hierba de Limón, Jonc Odorant, Lemon Grass, Madagascar Lemongrass, Verveine Indienne, West Indian Lemongrass.

Overview

Lemongrass is a plant. The leaves and the oil are used to make medicine.

Lemongrass is used for treating digestive tract spasms, stomachache, high blood pressure, convulsions, pain, vomiting, cough, achy joints (rheumatism), fever, the common cold, and exhaustion. It is also used to kill germs and as a mild astringent.

Some people apply lemongrass and its essential oil directly to the skin for headache, stomachache, abdominal pain, and muscle pain.

By inhalation, the essential oil of lemongrass is used as aromatherapy for muscle pain.

In food and beverages, lemongrass is used as a flavoring. For example, lemongrass leaves are commonly used as “lemon” flavoring in herbal teas.

In manufacturing, lemongrass is used as a fragrance in soaps and cosmetics. Lemongrass is also used in making vitamin A and natural citral.

How does it work?

Lemongrass might help prevent the growth of some bacteria and yeast. Lemongrass also contains substances that are thought to relieve pain, reduce fever, stimulate the uterus and menstrual flow, and have antioxidant properties.

QUESTION

Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See Answer

Uses & Effectiveness

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of lemongrass for these uses.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).

Side Effects

Lemongrass is LIKELY SAFE for most people when used in food amounts. It is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth or applied to the skin short-term for medicinal purposes. However, there have been some toxic side effects, such as lung problems after inhaling lemongrass and a fatal poisoning after a child swallowed a lemongrass oil-based insect repellent.

SLIDESHOW

Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? See Slideshow

Special Precautions & Warnings

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: It is LIKELY UNSAFE to take lemongrass by mouth during pregnancy. Lemongrass seems to be able to start menstrual flow, so there is a concern that it might cause a miscarriage.

There is not enough reliable information about the safety of taking lemongrass if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

Dosing

The appropriate dose of lemongrass depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for lemongrass. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.

FDA Logo

Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration

You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.

References

Abe, S., Maruyama, N., Hayama, K., Inouye, S., Oshima, H., and Yamaguchi, H. Suppression of neutrophil recruitment in mice by geranium essential oil. Mediators.Inflamm. 2004;13(1):21-24. View abstract.

Abe, S., Maruyama, N., Hayama, K., Ishibashi, H., Inoue, S., Oshima, H., and Yamaguchi, H. Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil adherence responses by essential oils. Mediators.Inflamm. 2003;12(6):323-328. View abstract.

Abe, S., Sato, Y., Inoue, S., Ishibashi, H., Maruyama, N., Takizawa, T., Oshima, H., and Yamaguchi, H. [Anti-Candida albicans activity of essential oils including Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and its component, citral]. Nippon Ishinkin.Gakkai Zasshi 2003;44(4):285-291. View abstract.

Abena, A. A., Gbenou, J. D., Yayi, E., Moudachirou, M., Ongoka, R. P., Ouamba, J. M., and Silou, T. Comparative chemical and analgesic properties of essential oils of Cymbopogon nardus (L) Rendle of Benin and Congo. Afr.J Tradit.Complement Altern Med 2007;4(3):267-272. View abstract.

Abeywardena, M., Runnie, I., Nizar, M., Suhaila, M., and Head, R. Polyphenol-enriched extract of oil palm fronds (Elaeis guineensis) promotes vascular relaxation via endothelium-dependent mechanisms. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2002;11 Suppl 7:S467-S472. View abstract.

Adeneye, A. A. and Agbaje, E. O. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of fresh leaf aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 7-25-2007;112(3):440-444. View abstract.

Akinboro, A. and Bakare, A. A. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants on Allium cepa Linn. J Ethnopharmacol. 7-25-2007;112(3):470-475. View abstract.

Al Ghamdi, S. S., Al Ghamdi, A. A., and Shammah, A. A. Inhibition of calcium oxalate nephrotoxicity with Cymbopogon schoenanthus (Al-Ethkher). Drug Metab Lett. 2007;1(4):241-244. View abstract.

Alonso, W. J., Wyatt, T. D., and Kelly, D. W. Are vectors able to learn about their hosts? A case study with Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Mem.Inst.Oswaldo Cruz 2003;98(5):665-672. View abstract.

Ansari, M. A. and Razdan, R. K. Relative efficacy of various oils in repelling mosquitoes. Indian J Malariol. 1995;32(3):104-111. View abstract.

Bagheri, R., Mohamadi, S., Abkar, A., and Fazlollahi, A. Essential oil compositions of Cymbopogon parkeri STAPF from Iran. Pak.J Biol.Sci 10-1-2007;10(19):3485-3486. View abstract.

BALBAA, S. I. and JOHNSON, C. H. The microscopic structure of lemongrass leaves. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc (Baltim.) 1955;44(2):89-98. View abstract.

Banthorpe, D. V., Duprey, R. J., Hassan, M., Janes, J. F., and Modawi, B. M. Chemistry of the Sudanese flora. I. Essential oils of some Cymbopogon species. Planta Med 1976;29(1):10-25. View abstract.

Barbosa, L. C., Pereira, U. A., Martinazzo, A. P., Maltha, C. R., Teixeira, R. R., and Melo, Ede C. Evaluation of the chemical composition of Brazilian commercial Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) stapf samples. Molecules. 2008;13(8):1864-1874. View abstract.

Barbosa, L. N., Rall, V. L., Fernandes, A. A., Ushimaru, P. I., da, Silva Probst, I, and Fernandes, A., Jr. Essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria in minced meat. Foodborne.Pathog.Dis. 2009;6(6):725-728. View abstract.

Barnard, D. R. and Xue, R. D. Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochierotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 2004;41(4):726-730. View abstract.

Bassole, I. H., Guelbeogo, W. M., Nebie, R., Costantini, C., Sagnon, N., Kabore, Z. I., and Traore, S. A. Ovicidal and larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes of essential oils extracted from three spontaneous plants of Burkina Faso. Parassitologia 2003;45(1):23-26. View abstract.

Bastos, J. F., Moreira, I. J., Ribeiro, T. P., Medeiros, I. A., Antoniolli, A. R., De Sousa, D. P., and Santos, M. R. Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol, in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010;106(4):331-337. View abstract.

Batish, D. R., Singh, H. P., Setia, N., Kaur, S., and Kohli, R. K. Chemical composition and phytotoxicity of volatile essential oil from intact and fallen leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora. Z.Naturforsch.C 2006;61(7-8):465-471. View abstract.

Betoni, J. E., Mantovani, R. P., Barbosa, L. N., Di Stasi, L. C., and Fernandes, Junior A. Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases. Mem.Inst.Oswaldo Cruz 2006;101(4):387-390. View abstract.

Blanco, M. M., Costa, C. A., Freire, A. O., Santos, J. G., Jr., and Costa, M. Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. Phytomedicine 2009;16(2-3):265-270. View abstract.

Bleasel, N., Tate, B., and Rademaker, M. Allergic contact dermatitis following exposure to essential oils. Australas.J Dermatol 2002;43(3):211-213. View abstract.

Boots, R. J. and Weedon, Z. J. Fire-eater's lung. Anaesth.Intensive Care 2008;36(3):449-453. View abstract.

Boruah, H. P., Handique, A. K., and Borah, G. C. Response of Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) to toxic heavy metal cadmium. Indian J Exp Biol 2000;38(12):1267-1269. View abstract.

Caja, Mdel M., Preston, C., Kempf, M., and Schreier, P. Flavor authentication studies of alpha-ionone, beta-ionone, and alpha-ionol from various sources. J Agric.Food Chem 8-8-2007;55(16):6700-6704. View abstract.

Carbajal, D., Casaco, A., Arruzazabala, L., Gonzalez, R., and Tolon, Z. Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 1989;25(1):103-107. View abstract.

Carlini, E. A., Contar, J. de DP, Silva-Filho, A. R., Silveira-Filho, N. G., Frochtengarten, M. L., and Bueno, O. F. Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). I. Effects of teas prepared from the leaves on laboratory animals. J.Ethnopharmacol. 1986;17(1):37-64. View abstract.

Cavalcanti, E. S., Morais, S. M., Lima, M. A., and Santana, E. W. Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti L. Mem.Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004;99(5):541-544. View abstract.

Chang, K. S., Tak, J. H., Kim, S. I., Lee, W. J., and Ahn, Y. J. Repellency of Cinnamomum cassia bark compounds and cream containing cassia oil to Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and indoor conditions. Pest.Manag.Sci. 2006;62(11):1032-1038. View abstract.

Chanotiya, C. S. and Yadav, A. Enantiomeric composition of (3R)-(-)- and (3S)-(+)-linalool in various essential oils of Indian origin by enantioselective capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization and mass spectrometry detection methods. Nat.Prod.Commun. 2009;4(4):563-566. View abstract.

Cheel, J., Theoduloz, C., Rodriguez, J., and Schmeda-Hirschmann, G. Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.). J Agric.Food Chem 4-6-2005;53(7):2511-2517. View abstract.

Choi, W. I., Lee, S. G., Park, H. M., and Ahn, Y. J. Toxicity of plant essential oils to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). J Econ Entomol. 2004;97(2):553-558. View abstract.

Cimanga, K., Kambu, K., Tona, L., Apers, S., De Bruyne, T., Hermans, N., Totte, J., Pieters, L., and Vlietinck, A. J. Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;79(2):213-220. View abstract.

Cloyd, R. A., Galle, C. L., Keith, S. R., Kalscheur, N. A., and Kemp, K. E. Effect of commercially available plant-derived essential oil products on arthropod pests. J Econ.Entomol. 2009;102(4):1567-1579. View abstract.

Curtis, C. F., Lines, J. D., Ijumba, J., Callaghan, A., Hill, N., and Karimzad, M. A. The relative efficacy of repellents against mosquito vectors of disease. Med Vet.Entomol. 1987;1(2):109-119. View abstract.

D'Souza, A. M., Paknikar, S. K., Dev, V., Beauchamp, P. S., and Kamat, S. P. Biogenetic-type synthesis of (+)-cymbodiacetal, a constituent of Cymbopogon martinii. J Nat Prod. 2004;67(4):700-702. View abstract.

da Silva, V. A., de Freitas, J. C., Mattos, A. P., Paiva-Gouvea, W., Presgrave, O. A., Fingola, F. F., Menezes, M. A., and Paumgartten, F. J. Neurobehavioral study of the effect of beta-myrcene on rodents. Braz.J Med Biol Res 1991;24(8):827-831. View abstract.

de Billerbeck, V. G., Roques, C. G., Bessiere, J. M., Fonvieille, J. L., and Dargent, R. Effects of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) W. Watson essential oil on the growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger. Can.J Microbiol. 2001;47(1):9-17. View abstract.

de Freitas, M. V., Netto, Rde C., Costa Huss, J. C., de Souza, T. M., Costa, J. O., Firmino, C. B., and Penha-Silva, N. Influence of aqueous crude extracts of medicinal plants on the osmotic stability of human erythrocytes. Toxicol.In Vitro 2008;22(1):219-224. View abstract.

de Mendonca, F. A., da Silva, K. F., dos Santos, K. K., Ribeiro Junior, K. A., and Sant'Ana, A. E. Activities of some Brazilian plants against larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Fitoterapia 2005;76(7-8):629-636. View abstract.

Diliberto, J. J., Srinivas, P., Overstreet, D., Usha, G., Burka, L. T., and Birnbaum, L. S. Metabolism of citral, an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde, in male F344 rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 1990;18(6):866-875. View abstract.

Doran, A. L., Morden, W. E., Dunn, K., and Edwards-Jones, V. Vapour-phase activities of essential oils against antibiotic sensitive and resistant bacteria including MRSA. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2009;48(4):387-392. View abstract.

Duan, J. and Zhao, Y. Antimicrobial efficiency of essential oil and freeze-thaw treatments against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica Ser. Enteritidis in strawberry juice. J Food Sci. 2009;74(3):M131-M137. View abstract.

Duarte, M. C., Leme, E. E., Delarmelina, C., Soares, A. A., Figueira, G. M., and Sartoratto, A. Activity of essential oils from Brazilian medicinal plants on Escherichia coli. J Ethnopharmacol 12-3-2006; View abstract.

Dubey, V. S. and Luthra, R. Biotransformation of geranyl acetate to geraniol during palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii, Roxb. wats. var. motia) inflorescence development. Phytochemistry 2001;57(5):675-680. View abstract.

Dubey, V. S., Bhalla, R., and Luthra, R. An esterase is involved in geraniol production during palmarosa inflorescence development. Phytochemistry 2003;63(3):257-264. View abstract.

Dubey, V. S., Bhalla, R., and Luthra, R. Sucrose mobilization in relation to essential oil biogenesis during palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii Roxb. Wats. var. motia) inflorescence development. J Biosci. 2003;28(4):479-487. View abstract.

Dudai, N., Weinberg, Z. G., Larkov, O., Ravid, U., Ashbell, G., and Putievsky, E. Changes in essential oil during enzyme-assisted ensiling of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) and lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook). J Agric.Food Chem 2001;49(5):2262-2266. View abstract.

Dutta, B. K., Karmakar, S., Naglot, A., Aich, J. C., and Begam, M. Anticandidial activity of some essential oils of a mega biodiversity hotspot in India. Mycoses 2007;50(2):121-124. View abstract.

El Kamali, H. H., Hamza, M. A., and El Amir, M. Y. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Cymbopogon nervatus inflorescence. Fitoterapia 2005;76(5):446-449. View abstract.

Elgamal, M. H. and Wolff, P. A Further Contribution to the Sesquiterpenoid Constituents of Cymbopogon proximus. Planta Med 1987;53(3):293-294. View abstract.

Elson, C. E., Underbakke, G. L., Hanson, P., Shrago, E., Wainberg, R. H., and Qureshi, A. A. Impact of lemongrass oil, an essential oil, on serum cholesterol. Lipids 1989;24(8):677-679. View abstract.

Fandohan, P., Gnonlonfin, B., Laleye, A., Gbenou, J. D., Darboux, R., and Moudachirou, M. Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(7):2493-2497. View abstract.

Figueirinha, A., Cruz, M. T., Francisco, V., Lopes, M. C., and Batista, M. T. Anti-inflammatory activity of Cymbopogon citratus leaf infusion in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dendritic cells: contribution of the polyphenols. J Med Food 2010;13(3):681-690. View abstract.

Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., and Mandrell, R. E. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot. 2002;65(10):1545-1560. View abstract.

Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., Levin, C. E., and Mandrell, R. E. Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in apple juice. J Agric.Food Chem. 9-22-2004;52(19):6042-6048. View abstract.

Frosch, P. J., Johansen, J. D., Menne, T., Pirker, C., Rastogi, S. C., Andersen, K. E., Bruze, M., Goossens, A., Lepoittevin, J. P., and White, I. R. Further important sensitizers in patients sensitive to fragrances. Contact Dermatitis 2002;47(5):279-287. View abstract.

Fuentes, J. L., Alonso, A., Cuetara, E., Vernhe, M., Alvarez, N., Sanchez-Lamar, A., and Llagostera, M. Usefulness of the SOS Chromotest in the study of medicinal plants as radioprotectors. Int J Radiat.Biol 2006;82(5):323-329. View abstract.

Fujita, S. I. and Fujita, Y. [Miscellaneous contributions to the essential oils of the plants from various territories. XXX. On the components of the essential oils of Cymbopogon goeringii A. Camus]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1972;92(10):1285-1288. View abstract.

Ganjewala, D. and Luthra, R. Essential oil biosynthesis and regulation in the genus Cymbopogon. Nat.Prod.Commun. 2010;5(1):163-172. View abstract.

Ganjewala, D. and Luthra, R. Geranyl acetate esterase controls and regulates the level of geraniol in lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Nees ex Steud.) mutant cv. GRL-1 leaves. Z.Naturforsch.C 2009;64(3-4):251-259. View abstract.

Gazola, R., Machado, D., Ruggiero, C., Singi, G., and Macedo, Alexandre M. Lippia alba, Melissa officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus: effects of the aqueous extracts on the isolated hearts of rats. Pharmacol.Res 2004;50(5):477-480. View abstract.

Gilbert, B., Teixeira, D. F., Carvalho, E. S., De Paula, A. E., Pereira, J. F., Ferreira, J. L., Almeida, M. B., Machado, Rda S., and Cascon, V. Activities of the Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation with medicinal, insecticidal and insect repellent plants. An Acad.Bras.Cienc. 1999;71(2):265-271. View abstract.

Girgenti, P. and Suss, L. [Repellent activity against Aedes aegypti (L.) of formulas based on natural vegetable extracts or synthetic active agents]. Ann.Ig 2002;14(3):205-210. View abstract.

Govere, J., Durrheim, D. N., Du, Toit N., Hunt, R. H., and Coetzee, M. Local plants as repellents against Anopheles arabiensis, in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Cent.Afr J Med 2000;46(8):213-216. View abstract.

Grice, I. D., Rogers, K. L., and Griffiths, L. R. Isolation of bioactive compounds that relate to the anti-platelet activity of Cymbopogon ambiguus Evid.Based Complement Alternat.Med 1-4-2010; View abstract.

Hajieghrari, B., Mohammadi, M. R., and Hadian, D. Antifungal activity of Cymbopogon parkeri stapf. essential oil on some important phytopathogenic fungi. Commun.Agric.Appl.Biol.Sci 2006;71(3 Pt B):937-941. View abstract.

Handique, G. K. and Handique, A. K. Proline accumulation in lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf.) due to heavy metal stress. J Environ Biol. 2009;30(2):299-302. View abstract.

HEGNAUER, R. [Microscopical study of the leaves of Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf (lemon grass).]. Pharm Weekbl. 6-18-1955;90(13):445-447. View abstract.

Heimerdinger, A., Olivo, C. J., Molento, M. B., Agnolin, C. A., Ziech, M. F., Scaravelli, L. F., Skonieski, F. R., Both, J. F., and Charao, P. S. [Alcoholic extract of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on the control of Boophilus microplus in cattle]. Rev Bras.Parasitol.Vet. 2006;15(1):37-39. View abstract.

Helal, G. A., Sarhan, M. M., Abu Shahla, A. N., and Abou El-Khair, E. K. Effect of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on growth and morphogenesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ML2-strain. J Basic Microbiol. 2006;46(5):375-386. View abstract.

Helal, G. A., Sarhan, M. M., Abu Shahla, A. N., and Abou El-Khair, E. K. Effects of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on the growth, lipid content and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger ML2-strain. J Basic Microbiol. 2006;46(6):456-469. View abstract.

Helal, G. A., Sarhan, M. M., Abu Shahla, A. N., and Abou El-Khair, E. K. Effects of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on the growth, morphogenesis and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus ML2-strain. J Basic Microbiol. 2007;47(1):5-15. View abstract.

Herath, H. M. and Ormrod, D. P. Carbon Dioxide Compensation Values in Citronella and Lemongrass. Plant Physiol 1977;59(4):771-772. View abstract.

Herath, H. M. and Ormrod, D. P. Photosynthetic Rates of Citronella and Lemongrass. Plant Physiol 1979;63(2):406-408. View abstract.

Inouye S and Abe S. Predominant adsorption of sesquiterpene constituents of lavender, tea tree, lemongrass and thyme thymol oils on hairless mouse and human hairs in an aromatic bath. International Journal of Aromatherapy (INT J AROMATHERAPY). 2006;16(2):75-83.

Inouye, S., Takizawa, T., and Yamaguchi, H. Antibacterial activity of essential oils and their major constituents against respiratory tract pathogens by gaseous contact. J Antimicrob.Chemother. 2001;47(5):565-573. View abstract.

Inouye, S., Uchida, K., and Yamaguchi, H. In-vitro and in-vivo anti-Trichophyton activity of essential oils by vapour contact. Mycoses 2001;44(3-4):99-107. View abstract.

Inouye, S., Uchida, K., Nishiyama, Y., Hasumi, Y., Yamaguchi, H., and Abe, S. Combined effect of heat, essential oils and salt on fungicidal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in a foot bath. Nippon Ishinkin.Gakkai Zasshi 2007;48(1):27-36. View abstract.

Inouye, S., Yamaguchi, H., and Takizawa, T. Screening of the antibacterial effects of a variety of essential oils on respiratory tract pathogens, using a modified dilution assay method. J Infect.Chemother. 2001;7(4):251-254. View abstract.

Irkin, R. and Korukluoglu, M. Effectiveness of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil to inhibit the growth of some filamentous fungi and yeasts. J Med Food 2009;12(1):193-197. View abstract.

Iten, F. and Saller, R. [Fennel tea: risk assessment of the phytogenic monosubstance estragole in comparison to the natural multicomponent mixture]. Forsch.Komplementarmed.Klass.Naturheilkd. 2004;11(2):104-108. View abstract.

Jahangir, T., Khan, T. H., Prasad, L., and Sultana, S. Alleviation of free radical mediated oxidative and genotoxic effects of cadmium by farnesol in Swiss albino mice. Redox.Rep. 2005;10(6):303-310. View abstract.

Karunamoorthi, K. and Ilango, K. Larvicidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. and Croton macrostachyus Del. against Anopheles arabiensis Patton, a potent malaria vector. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010;14(1):57-62. View abstract.

Karunamoorthi, K., Ilango, K., and Murugan, K. Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol.Res 2010;106(5):1217-1223. View abstract.

Kauderer, B., Zamith, H., Paumgartten, F. J., and Speit, G. Evaluation of the mutagenicity of beta-myrcene in mammalian cells in vitro. Environ.Mol.Mutagen. 1991;18(1):28-34. View abstract.

Kaur, J. S., Lai, Y. L., and Giger, A. D. Learning and memory in the mosquito Aedes aegypti shown by conditioning against oviposition deterrence. Med Vet.Entomol. 2003;17(4):457-460. View abstract.

Kemble, E. D. and Bolwahnn, B. L. Immediate and long-term effects of novel odors on risk assessment in mice. Physiol Behav. 1997;61(4):543-549. View abstract.

Ketoh, G. K., Glitho, A. I., and Huignard, J. Susceptibility of the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its parasitoid Dinarmus basalis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to three essential oils. J Econ.Entomol. 2002;95(1):174-182. View abstract.

Ketoh, G. K., Koumaglo, H. K., Glitho, I. A., and Huignard, J. Comparative effects of Cymbopogon schoenanthus essential oil and piperitone on Callosobruchus maculatus development. Fitoterapia 7-16-2006; View abstract.

Khattak, S., Saeed, Ur Rehman, Shah, H. U., Khan, T., and Ahmad, M. In vitro enzyme inhibition activities of crude ethanolic extracts derived from medicinal plants of Pakistan. Nat.Prod.Res 2005;19(6):567-571. View abstract.

Kim, S. I., Chang, K. S., Yang, Y. C., Kim, B. S., and Ahn, Y. J. Repellency of aerosol and cream products containing fennel oil to mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. Pest.Manag.Sci 2004;60(11):1125-1130. View abstract.

Kimbi, H. K. and Fagbenro-Beyioku, A. F. Efficacy of Cymbopogon giganteus and Enantia chrantha against chloroquine resistant Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. East Afr.Med J 1996;73(10):636-637. View abstract.

Kishore, N., Mishra, A. K., and Chansouria, J. P. Fungitoxicity of essential oils against dermatophytes. Mycoses 1993;36(5-6):211-215. View abstract.

Kokate, C. K., Rao, R. E., and Varma, K. C. Pharmacological investigations of essential oil of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle: studies on central nervous system. Indian J Exp Biol 1971;9(4):515-516. View abstract.

Kothari, S. K., Singh, C. P., and Singh, K. Weed control in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp). Pest.Manag.Sci 2002;58(12):1254-1258. View abstract.

Kumar, A., Malik, F., Bhushan, S., Sethi, V. K., Shahi, A. K., Kaur, J., Taneja, S. C., Qazi, G. N., and Singh, J. An essential oil and its major constituent isointermedeol induce apoptosis by increased expression of mitochondrial cytochrome c and apical death receptors in human leukaemia HL-60 cells. Chem Biol.Interact. 2-15-2008;171(3):332-347. View abstract.

Kumar, J., Verma, V., Shahi, A. K., Qazi, G. N., and Balyan, H. S. Development of simple sequence repeat markers in cymbopogon species. Planta Med 2007;73(3):262-266. View abstract.

Kumaran, A. M., D'Souza, P., Agarwal, A., Bokkolla, R. M., and Balasubramaniam, M. Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of Cymbopogon martinii. Phytother Res 2003;17(8):957. View abstract.

Kweka, E. J., Mosha, F., Lowassa, A., Mahande, A. M., Kitau, J., Matowo, J., Mahande, M. J., Massenga, C. P., Tenu, F., Feston, E., Lyatuu, E. E., Mboya, M. A., Mndeme, R., Chuwa, G., and Temu, E. A. Ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern Tanzania. Malar.J 2008;7:152. View abstract.

Lalko, J. and Api, A. M. Investigation of the dermal sensitization potential of various essential oils in the local lymph node assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44(5):739-746. View abstract.

Lee, H. J., Jeong, H. S., Kim, D. J., Noh, Y. H., Yuk, D. Y., and Hong, J. T. Inhibitory effect of citral on NO production by suppression of iNOS expression and NF-kappa B activation in RAW264.7 cells. Arch Pharm.Res 2008;31(3):342-349. View abstract.

Lertsatitthanakorn P, Taweechaisupapong S, Aromdee C, and et al. In vitro bioactivities of essential oils used for acne control. International Journal of Aromatherapy (INT J AROMATHERAPY). 2006;16(1):43-49.

Li, H., Huang, J., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Yang, J., and Hei, L. [Allelopathic effects of Cymbopogon citratu volatile and its chemical components]. Ying.Yong.Sheng Tai Xue.Bao. 2005;16(4):763-767. View abstract.

Lindsay, L. R., Surgeoner, G. A., Heal, J. D., and Gallivan, G. J. Evaluation of the efficacy of 3% citronella candles and 5% citronella incense for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes. J Am.Mosq.Control Assoc. 1996;12(2 Pt 1):293-294. View abstract.

Liu, M. and Feng, G. H. [Effects of Cymbopogon goeringii (Steud.) A. Camus volatile oil on physiologic properties of the isolated guinea pig myocardium]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 1989;14(10):620-3, 640. View abstract.

Locksley, H. D., Fayez, M. B., Radwan, A. S., Chari, V. M., Cordell, G. A., and Wagner, H. Constituents of local plants. Planta Med 1982;45(5):20-22. View abstract.

Lodhia, M. H., Bhatt, K. R., and Thaker, V. S. Antibacterial activity of essential oils from palmarosa, evening primrose, lavender and tuberose. Indian J Pharm.Sci 2009;71(2):134-136. View abstract.

Logarto, Parra A., Silva, Yhebra R., Guerra, Sardinas, I, and Iglesias, Buela L. Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. Phytomedicine. 2001;8(5):395-400. View abstract.

Lorenzetti, B. B., Souza, G. E., Sarti, S. J., Santos, Filho D., and Ferreira, S. H. Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. J Ethnopharmacol 1991;34(1):43-48. View abstract.

Magesa, S. M. and Kamugisha, M. L. Evaluation of the bio-efficacy of three brands of repellents against wild populations of anthropophilic mosquitoes. Tanzan.Health Res Bull. 2006;8(3):145-148. View abstract.

Maizura, M., Fazilah, A., Norziah, M. H., and Karim, A. A. Antibacterial activity and mechanical properties of partially hydrolyzed sago starch-alginate edible film containing lemongrass oil. J Food Sci 2007;72(6):C324-C330. View abstract.

Mallavarapu, G. R., Ramesh, S., Kulkarni, R. N., and Syamasundar, K. V. Composition of the Essential Oil of Cymbopogon travancorensis. Planta Med 1992;58(2):219-220. View abstract.

Mansour, H. A., Newairy, A. S., Yousef, M. I., and Sheweita, S. A. Biochemical study on the effects of some Egyptian herbs in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Toxicology 1-25-2002;170(3):221-228. View abstract.

Marongiu, B., Piras, A., Porcedda, S., and Tuveri, E. Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO(2) extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Nat Prod.Res 5-10-2006;20(5):455-459. View abstract.

Martinez-de la Puente, J., Merino, S., Lobato, E., Rivero-de Aguilar, J., del Cerro, S., and Ruiz-de-Castaneda, R. Testing the use of a citronella-based repellent as an effective method to reduce the prevalence and abundance of biting flies in avian nests. Parasitol.Res 2009;104(5):1233-1236. View abstract.

Masuda, T., Odaka, Y., Ogawa, N., Nakamoto, K., and Kuninaga, H. Identification of geranic acid, a tyrosinase inhibitor in lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). J Agric.Food Chem 1-23-2008;56(2):597-601. View abstract.

Matsuda, B. M., Surgeoner, G. A., Heal, J. D., Tucker, A. O., and Maciarello, M. J. Essential oil analysis and field evaluation of the citrosa plant "Pelargonium citrosum" as a repellent against populations of Aedes mosquitoes. J Am Mosq.Control Assoc 1996;12(1):69-74. View abstract.

Mejlholm, O. and Dalgaard, P. Antimicrobial effect of essential oils on the seafood spoilage micro-organism Photobacterium phosphoreum in liquid media and fish products. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2002;34(1):27-31. View abstract.

Melo, S. F., Soares, S. F., da Costa, R. F., da Silva, C. R., de Oliveira, M. B., Bezerra, R. J., Caldeira-de-Araujo, A., and Bernardo-Filho, M. Effect of the Cymbopogon citratus, Maytenus ilicifolia and Baccharis genistelloides extracts against the stannous chloride oxidative damage in Escherichia coli. Mutat.Res 9-20-2001;496(1-2):33-38. View abstract.

Minami, M., Kita, M., Nakaya, T., Yamamoto, T., Kuriyama, H., and Imanishi, J. The inhibitory effect of essential oils on herpes simplex virus type-1 replication in vitro. Microbiol.Immunol 2003;47(9):681-684. View abstract.

Moore, S. J., Hill, N., Ruiz, C., and Cameron, M. M. Field evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellents and fumigants against the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi in Riberalta, Bolivian Amazon. J Med Entomol. 2007;44(4):624-630. View abstract.

Morsy, T. A., Mazyad, S. A., and el Sharkawy, I. M. The larvicidal activity of solvent extracts of three medicinal plants against third instar larvae of Chrysomyia albiceps. J Egypt.Soc Parasitol. 1998;28(3):699-709. View abstract.

Mpiana, P. T., Tshibangu, D. S., Shetonde, O. M., and Ngbolua, K. N. In vitro antidrepanocytary actvity (anti-sickle cell anemia) of some congolese plants. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(2-3):192-195. View abstract.

Muller, G. C., Junnila, A., Kravchenko, V. D., Revay, E. E., Butler, J., Orlova, O. B., Weiss, R. W., and Schlein, Y. Ability of essential oil candles to repel biting insects in high and low biting pressure environments. J Am.Mosq.Control Assoc. 2008;24(1):154-160. View abstract.

Muller, G. C., Junnila, A., Kravchenko, V. D., Revay, E. E., Butlers, J., and Schlein, Y. Indoor protection against mosquito and sand fly bites: a comparison between citronella, linalool, and geraniol candles. J Am.Mosq.Control Assoc. 2008;24(1):150-153. View abstract.

Mumcuoglu, K. Y., Magdassi, S., Miller, J., Ben Ishai, F., Zentner, G., Helbin, V., Friger, M., Kahana, F., and Ingber, A. Repellency of citronella for head lice: double-blind randomized trial of efficacy and safety. Isr.Med Assoc.J 2004;6(12):756-759. View abstract.

Nakamura, Y., Miyamoto, M., Murakami, A., Ohigashi, H., Osawa, T., and Uchida, K. A phase II detoxification enzyme inducer from lemongrass: identification of citral and involvement of electrophilic reaction in the enzyme induction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 3-14-2003;302(3):593-600. View abstract.

NAVES, Y. R. and GRAMPOLOFF, A. V. [p-Menthadienols in the essential oils of Cymbopogon martini Stapf var. sofia (essence of gingergrass) and of Cymbopogon densiflorus Stapf.]. C.R.Hebd.Seances Acad.Sci 7-15-1959;249(2):306-308. View abstract.

Nguefack, J., Budde, B. B., and Jakobsen, M. Five essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon: their antibacterial activity and ability to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane of Listeria innocua examined by flow cytometry. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2004;39(5):395-400. View abstract.

Nguefack, J., Dongmo, J. B., Dakole, C. D., Leth, V., Vismer, H. F., Torp, J., Guemdjom, E. F., Mbeffo, M., Tamgue, O., Fotio, D., Zollo, P. H., and Nkengfack, A. E. Food preservative potential of essential oils and fractions from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against mycotoxigenic fungi. Int J Food Microbiol. 5-31-2009;131(2-3):151-156. View abstract.

Nhu-Trang, T. T., Casabianca, H., and Grenier-Loustalot, M. F. Authenticity control of essential oils containing citronellal and citral by chiral and stable-isotope gas-chromatographic analysis. Anal.Bioanal.Chem 2006;386(7-8):2141-2152. View abstract.

Nirmal, S. A., Girme, A. S., and Bhalke, R. D. Major constituents and anthelmintic activity of volatile oils from leaves and flowers of Cymbopogon martini Roxb. Nat.Prod.Res 2007;21(13):1217-1220. View abstract.

Nogueira, J. C., Diniz, Mde F., and Lima, E. O. In vitro antimicrobial activity of plants in Acute Otitis Externa. Braz.J Otorhinolaryngol. 2008;74(1):118-124. View abstract.

NTP Carcinogenesis Studies of Food Grade Geranyl Acetate (71% Geranyl Acetate, 29% Citronellyl Acetate) (CAS No. 105-87-3) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Study). Natl.Toxicol.Program Tech.Rep Ser. 1987;252:1-162. View abstract.

Nuchuchua, O., Sakulku, U., Uawongyart, N., Puttipipatkhachorn, S., Soottitantawat, A., and Ruktanonchai, U. In vitro characterization and mosquito (Aedes aegypti) repellent activity of essential-oils-loaded nanoemulsions. AAPS.PharmSciTech. 2009;10(4):1234-1242. View abstract.

Oboh, G. and Elusiyan, C. A. Nutrient composition and antimicrobial activity of sorrel drinks (soborodo). J Med Food 2004;7(3):340-342. View abstract.

Ogunlana, E. O., Hoglund, S., Onawunmi, G., and Skold, O. Effects of lemongrass oil on the morphological characteristics and peptidoglycan synthesis of Escherichia coli cells. Microbios 1987;50(202):43-59. View abstract.

Ohno, T., Kita, M., Yamaoka, Y., Imamura, S., Yamamoto, T., Mitsufuji, S., Kodama, T., Kashima, K., and Imanishi, J. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2003;8(3):207-215. View abstract.

Okigbo, R. N. and Mmeka, E. C. Antimicrobial effects of three tropical plant extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Afr.J Tradit.Complement Altern Med 2008;5(3):226-229. View abstract.

Oliveira, V. C., Moura, D. M., Lopes, J. A., de Andrade, P. P., da Silva, N. H., and Figueiredo, R. C. Effects of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., Lippia sidoides Cham., and Ocimum gratissimum L. on growth and ultrastructure of Leishmania chagasi promastigotes. Parasitol.Res 2009;104(5):1053-1059. View abstract.

Olivero-Verbel, J., Nerio, L. S., and Stashenko, E. E. Bioactivity against Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils grown in Colombia. Pest.Manag.Sci 2010;66(6):664-668. View abstract.

Onawunmi, G. O. In vitro studies on the antibacterial activity of phenoxyethanol in combination with lemon grass oil. Pharmazie 1988;43(1):42-44. View abstract.

Onawunmi, G. O., Yisak, W. A., and Ogunlana, E. O. Antibacterial constituents in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. J Ethnopharmacol 1984;12(3):279-286. View abstract.

Orrego, R., Leiva, E., and Cheel, J. Inhibitory effect of three C-glycosylflavonoids from Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) on human low density lipoprotein oxidation. Molecules. 2009;14(10):3906-3913. View abstract.

Ouedraogo, I. W., Boulvin, M., Flammang, R., Gerbaux, P., and Bonzi-Coulibaly, Y. L. Conversion of natural aldehydes from Eucalyptus citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus, and Lippia multiflora into oximes: GC-MS and FT-IR analysis. Molecules. 2009;14(9):3275-3285. View abstract.

Oyedele, A. O., Gbolade, A. A., Sosan, M. B., Adewoyin, F. B., Soyelu, O. L., and Orafidiya, O. O. Formulation of an effective mosquito-repellent topical product from lemongrass oil. Phytomedicine 2002;9(3):259-262. View abstract.

Page, P. C., Labuschagne, K., Nurton, J. P., Venter, G. J., and Guthrie, A. J. Duration of repellency of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, citronella oil and cypermethrin against Culicoides species when applied to polyester mesh. Vet.Parasitol. 7-7-2009;163(1-2):105-109. View abstract.

Pattnaik, S., Rath, C., and Subramanyam, V. R. Characterization of resistance to essential oils in a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (VR-6). Microbios 1995;81(326):29-31. View abstract.

Pattnaik, S., Subramanyam, V. R., and Rath, C. C. Effect of essential oils on the viability and morphology of Escherichia coli (SP-11). Microbios 1995;84(340):195-199. View abstract.

Pattnaik, S., Subramanyam, V. R., Kole, C. R., and Sahoo, S. Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon: inter- and intra-specific differences. Microbios 1995;84(341):239-245. View abstract.

Pawar, V. C. and Thaker, V. S. In vitro efficacy of 75 essential oils against Aspergillus niger. Mycoses 2006;49(4):316-323. View abstract.

Pereira, R. P., Fachinetto, R., de Souza, Prestes A., Puntel, R. L., Santos da Silva, G. N., Heinzmann, B. M., Boschetti, T. K., Athayde, M. L., Burger, M. E., Morel, A. F., Morsch, V. M., and Rocha, J. B. Antioxidant effects of different extracts from Melissa officinalis, Matricaria recutita and Cymbopogon citratus. Neurochem.Res. 2009;34(5):973-983. View abstract.

Pereira, R. S., Sumita, T. C., Furlan, M. R., Jorge, A. O., and Ueno, M. [Antibacterial activity of essential oils on microorganisms isolated from urinary tract infection]. Rev Saude Publica 2004;38(2):326-328. View abstract.

Prasad, C. S., Shukla, R., Kumar, A., and Dubey, N. K. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of essential oils of Cymbopogon martini and Chenopodium ambrosioides and their synergism against dermatophytes. Mycoses 3-1-2010;53(2):123-129. View abstract.

Prashar, A., Hili, P., Veness, R. G., and Evans, C. S. Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phytochemistry 2003;63(5):569-575. View abstract.

Puatanachokchai, R., Kishida, H., Denda, A., Murata, N., Konishi, Y., Vinitketkumnuen, U., and Nakae, D. Inhibitory effects of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf) extract on the early phase of hepatocarcinogenesis after initiation with diethylnitrosamine in male Fischer 344 rats. Cancer Lett 9-8-2002;183(1):9-15. View abstract.

Pushpanathan, T., Jebanesan, A., and Govindarajan, M. Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of Cymbopogan citratus Stapf (Graminae) essential oil against the filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera : Culicidae). Trop.Biomed. 2006;23(2):208-212. View abstract.

Qualls, W. A. and Xue, R. D. Field evaluation of three botanical repellents against Psorophora ferox, Aedes atlanticus, and Aedes mitchellae. J Am.Mosq.Control Assoc. 2009;25(3):379-381. View abstract.

Quintans-Junior, L. J., Souza, T. T., Leite, B. S., Lessa, N. M., Bonjardim, L. R., Santos, M. R., Alves, P. B., Blank, A. F., and Antoniolli, A. R. Phythochemical screening and anticonvulsant activity of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt (Poaceae) leaf essential oil in rodents. Phytomedicine 2008;15(8):619-624. View abstract.

Rabbani, S. I., Devi, K., and Zahra, N. Anti-clastogenic effects of citral. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapuetics 2005;4:28-31.

Rabbani, S. I., Devi, K., Khanam, S., and Zahra, N. Citral, a component of lemongrass oil inhibits the clastogenic effect of nickel chloride in mouse micronucleus test system. Pak.J Pharm Sci 2006;19(2):108-113. View abstract.

Radwan, A. S. An analytical method for proximadiol, the active principle of Cymbopogon proximus. Planta Med 1975;27(1):93-97. View abstract.

Raja, N., Albert, S., Ignacimuthu, S., and Dorn, S. Effect of plant volatile oils in protecting stored cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) infestation. J Stored.Prod.Res 2001;37(2):127-132. View abstract.

Rao, B. S., Shanbhoge, R., Rao, B. N., Adiga, S. K., Upadhya, D., Aithal, B. K., and Kumar, M. R. Preventive efficacy of hydroalcoholic extract of Cymbopogon citratus against radiation-induced DNA damage on V79 cells and free radical scavenging ability against radicals generated in vitro. Hum.Exp.Toxicol. 2009;28(4):195-202. View abstract.

Rao, V. S., Menezes, A. M., and Viana, G. S. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 1990;42(12):877-878. View abstract.

Ratti, N., Kumar, S., Verma, H. N., and Gautam, S. P. Improvement in bioavailability of tricalcium phosphate to Cymbopogon martinii var. motia by rhizobacteria, AMF and Azospirillum inoculation. Microbiol.Res 2001;156(2):145-149. View abstract.

Rauber, Cda S., Guterres, S. S., and Schapoval, E. E. LC determination of citral in Cymbopogon citratus volatile oil. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 3-9-2005;37(3):597-601. View abstract.

Raybaudi-Massilia, R. M., Mosqueda-Melgar, J., and Martin-Belloso, O. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils on Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Listeria innocua in fruit juices. J Food Prot. 2006;69(7):1579-1586. View abstract.

Raybaudi-Massilia, R. M., Mosqueda-Melgar, J., and Martin-Belloso, O. Edible alginate-based coating as carrier of antimicrobials to improve shelf-life and safety of fresh-cut melon. Int.J Food Microbiol. 2-10-2008;121(3):313-327. View abstract.

Raybaudi-Massilia, R. M., Rojas-Grau, M. A., Mosqueda-Melgar, J., and Martin-Belloso, O. Comparative study on essential oils incorporated into an alginate-based edible coating to assure the safety and quality of fresh-cut Fuji apples. J Food Prot. 2008;71(6):1150-1161. View abstract.

Rim, I. S. and Jee, C. H. Acaricidal effects of herb essential oils against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) and qualitative analysis of a herb Mentha pulegium(pennyroyal). Korean J Parasitol. 2006;44(2):133-138. View abstract.

Rogers, K. L., Grice, I. D., and Griffiths, L. R. Modulation of in vitro platelet 5-HT release by species of Erythrina and Cymbopogon. Life Sci 8-31-2001;69(15):1817-1829. View abstract.

Rojas-Grau, M. A., Avena-Bustillos, R. J., Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., Martin-Belloso, O., and McHugh, T. H. Mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of apple puree edible films containing plant essential oils. J Agric.Food Chem. 11-29-2006;54(24):9262-9267. View abstract.

Runnie, I., Salleh, M. N., Mohamed, S., Head, R. J., and Abeywardena, M. Y. Vasorelaxation induced by common edible tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;92(2-3):311-316. View abstract.

Sakulku, U., Nuchuchua, O., Uawongyart, N., Puttipipatkhachorn, S., Soottitantawat, A., and Ruktanonchai, U. Characterization and mosquito repellent activity of citronella oil nanoemulsion. Int J Pharm. 5-8-2009;372(1-2):105-111. View abstract.

Saleem, M., Afza, N., Anwar, M. A., Hai, S. M., Ali, M. S., Shujaat, S., and Atta, Ur rahman. Chemistry and biological significance of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus from Pakistan. Nat Prod.Res 2003;17(3):159-163. View abstract.

Saleem, M., Afza, N., Anwar, M. A., Hai, S. M., and Ali, M. S. A comparative study of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and some members of the genus Citrus. Nat Prod.Res 2003;17(5):369-373. View abstract.

Santin, M. R., dos Santos, A. O., Nakamura, C. V., Dias Filho, B. P., Ferreira, I. C., and Ueda-Nakamura, T. In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus and its major component (citral) on Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitol.Res 2009;105(6):1489-1496. View abstract.

Santoro, G. F., Cardoso, M. G., Guimaraes, L. G., Freire, J. M., and Soares, M. J. Anti-proliferative effect of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (lemongrass) on intracellular amastigotes, bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida). Parasitology 2007;134(Pt 11):1649-1656. View abstract.

Sayed, M. D. Traditional medicine in health care. J Ethnopharmacol. 1980;2(1):19-22. View abstract.

Schaneberg, B. T. and Khan, I. A. Comparison of extraction methods for marker compounds in the essential oil of lemon grass by GC. J Agric.Food Chem 3-13-2002;50(6):1345-1349. View abstract.

Schmied, W. H., Takken, W., Killeen, G. F., Knols, B. G., and Smallegange, R. C. Evaluation of two counterflow traps for testing behaviour-mediating compounds for the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. under semi-field conditions in Tanzania. Malar.J 2008;7:230. View abstract.

Scott, I. M., Jensen, H., Scott, J. G., Isman, M. B., Arnason, J. T., and Philogene, B. J. Botanical insecticides for controlling agricultural pests: piperamides and the Colorado Potato Beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Arch.Insect Biochem.Physiol 2003;54(4):212-225. View abstract.

Seth, G., Kokate, C. K., and Varma, K. C. Effect of essential oil of cymbopogon citratus stapf. on central nervous system. Indian J Exp Biol 1976;14(3):370-371. View abstract.

Sforcin, J. M., Amaral, J. T., Fernandes, A., Jr., Sousa, J. P., and Bastos, J. K. Lemongrass effects on IL-1beta and IL-6 production by macrophages. Nat.Prod.Res 2009;23(12):1151-1159. View abstract.

Sharma, P. R., Mondhe, D. M., Muthiah, S., Pal, H. C., Shahi, A. K., Saxena, A. K., and Qazi, G. N. Anticancer activity of an essential oil from Cymbopogon flexuosus. Chem Biol.Interact. 5-15-2009;179(2-3):160-168. View abstract.

Sheweita, S. A., Newairy, A. A., Mansour, H. A., and Yousef, M. I. Effect of some hypoglycemic herbs on the activity of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Toxicology 5-24-2002;174(2):131-139. View abstract.

Siddiqi, S. A. and Misra, L. Fatty acids and sterols from Cymbopogon martinii var. motia roots. Z Naturforsch.[C.] 2000;55(9-10):843-845. View abstract.

Silva, Cde B., Guterres, S. S., Weisheimer, V., and Schapoval, E. E. Antifungal activity of the lemongrass oil and citral against Candida spp. Braz.J Infect.Dis. 2008;12(1):63-66. View abstract.

Silva, M. R., Ximenes, R. M., da Costa, J. G., Leal, L. K., de Lopes, A. A., and Viana, G. S. Comparative anticonvulsant activities of the essential oils (EOs) from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt and Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010;381(5):415-426. View abstract.

Singh, N., Luthra, R., and Sangwan, R. S. Effect of Leaf Position and Age on the Essential Oil Quantity and Quality in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus). Planta Med 1989;55(3):254-256. View abstract.

Singh, P., Shukla, R., Kumar, A., Prakash, B., Singh, S., and Dubey, N. K. Effect of Citrus reticulata and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production on Asparagus racemosus. Mycopathologia 2010;170(3):195-202. View abstract.

Singh-Sangwan, N., Sangwan, R. S., Luthra, R., and Thakur, R. S. Geraniol dehydrogenase: a determinant of essential oil quality in lemongrass. Planta Med 1993;59(2):168-170. View abstract.

Soares, S. F., Borges, L. M., de Sousa, Braga R., Ferreira, L. L., Louly, C. C., Tresvenzol, L. M., de Paula, J. R., and Ferri, P. H. Repellent activity of plant-derived compounds against Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs. Vet.Parasitol. 1-20-2010;167(1):67-73. View abstract.

Solvason, H. B., Ghanta, V. K., Lorden, J. F., Soong, S. J., and Hiramoto, R. N. A behavioral augmentation of natural immunity: odor specificity supports a Pavlovian conditioning model. Int J Neurosci. 1991;61(3-4):277-288. View abstract.

Souza Formigoni, M. L., Lodder, H. M., Gianotti, Filho O., Ferreira, T. M., and Carlini, E. A. Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). II. Effects of daily two month administration in male and female rats and in offspring exposed "in utero". J.Ethnopharmacol. 1986;17(1):65-74. View abstract.

Stotz, S. C., Vriens, J., Martyn, D., Clardy, J., and Clapham, D. E. Citral sensing by Transient [corrected] receptor potential channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons. PLoS.One. 2008;3(5):e2082. View abstract.

Suaeyun, R., Kinouchi, T., Arimochi, H., Vinitketkumnuen, U., and Ohnishi, Y. Inhibitory effects of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) on formation of azoxymethane-induced DNA adducts and aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. Carcinogenesis 1997;18(5):949-955. View abstract.

Taguchi, Y., Takizawa, T., Ishibashi, H., Sagawa, T., Arai, R., Inoue, S., Yamaguchi, H., and Abe, S. Therapeutic effects on murine oral candidiasis by oral administration of cassia (Cinnamomum cassia) preparation. Nihon Ishinkin.Gakkai Zasshi 2010;51(1):13-21. View abstract.

Takaisi-Kikuni, N. B., Kruger, D., Gnann, W., and Wecke, J. Microcalorimetric and electron microscopic investigation on the effects of essential oil from Cymbopogon densiflorus on Staphylococcus aureus. Microbios 1996;88(354):55-62. View abstract.

Takaisi-Kikuni, N. B., Tshilanda, D., and Babady, B. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon densiflorus. Fitoterapia 2000;71(1):69-71. View abstract.

Tapia, A., Cheel, J., Theoduloz, C., Rodriguez, J., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., Gerth, A., Wilken, D., Jordan, M., Jimenez-Gonzalez, E., Gomez-Kosky, R., and Mendoza, E. Q. Free radical scavengers from Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) stapf plants cultivated in bioreactors by the temporary immersion (TIS) principle. Z.Naturforsch.C 2007;62(5-6):447-457. View abstract.

Tawatsin, A., Wratten, S. D., Scott, R. R., Thavara, U., and Techadamrongsin, Y. Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. J Vector.Ecol. 2001;26(1):76-82. View abstract.

Tchoumbougnang, F., Zollo, P. H., Dagne, E., and Mekonnen, Y. In vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Planta Med 2005;71(1):20-23. View abstract.

Temple, W. A., Smith, N. A., and Beasley, M. Management of oil of citronella poisoning. J Toxicol.Clin Toxicol. 1991;29(2):257-262. View abstract.

Thomas, J., Webb, C. E., Narkowicz, C., Jacobson, G. A., Peterson, G. M., Davies, N. W., and Russell, R. C. Evaluation of repellent properties of volatile extracts from the Australian native plant Kunzea ambigua against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culcidae). J Med Entomol. 2009;46(6):1387-1391. View abstract.

Thorsell, W., Mikiver, A., and Tunon, H. Repelling properties of some plant materials on the tick Ixodes ricinus L. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(1-2):132-134. View abstract.

Tiwari, B. K., Bajpai, V. N., and Agarwal, P. N. Evaluation of insecticidal, fumigant and repellent properties of lemongrass oil. Indian J Exp Biol 1966;4(2):128-129. View abstract.

Tognolini, M., Barocelli, E., Ballabeni, V., Bruni, R., Bianchi, A., Chiavarini, M., and Impicciatore, M. Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life Sci. 2-23-2006;78(13):1419-1432. View abstract.

Trongtokit, Y., Curtis, C. F., and Rongsriyam, Y. Efficacy of repellent products against caged and free flying Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Southeast Asian J Trop.Med Public Health 2005;36(6):1423-1431. View abstract.

Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyam, Y., Komalamisra, N., and Apiwathnasorn, C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. Phytother Res 2005;19(4):303-309. View abstract.

van OS, F. and ELEMA, E. T. [Determination of geraniol and citronellol in geranium- and citronella oil.]. Pharm.Weekbl. 11-12-1960;95:761-769. View abstract.

van OS, F. and SISSING, J. [Determination of the geraniol content in citronella oil.]. Pharm.Weekbl. 10-15-1960;95:686-690. View abstract.

Viana, G. S., Vale, T. G., Pinho, R. S., and Matos, F. J. Antinociceptive effect of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;70(3):323-327. View abstract.

Vinitketkumnuen, U., Chewonarin, T., Dhumtanom, P., Lertprasertsuk, N., and Wild, C. P. Aflatoxin-albumin adduct formation after single and multiple doses of aflatoxin B(1) in rats treated with Thai medicinal plants. Mutat.Res 7-16-1999;428(1-2):345-351. View abstract.

Vinitketkumnuen, U., Puatanachokchai, R., Kongtawelert, P., Lertprasertsuke, N., and Matsushima, T. Antimutagenicity of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) to various known mutagens in salmonella mutation assay. Mutat.Res 1994;341(1):71-75. View abstract.

Wanapat, M., Cherdthong, A., Pakdee, P., and Wanapat, S. Manipulation of rumen ecology by dietary lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) powder supplementation. J Anim Sci 2008;86(12):3497-3503. View abstract.

Wannissorn, B., Jarikasem, S., Siriwangchai, T., and Thubthimthed, S. Antibacterial properties of essential oils from Thai medicinal plants. Fitoterapia 2005;76(2):233-236. View abstract.

Warnke, P. H., Becker, S. T., Podschun, R., Sivananthan, S., Springer, I. N., Russo, P. A., Wiltfang, J., Fickenscher, H., and Sherry, E. The battle against multi-resistant strains: Renaissance of antimicrobial essential oils as a promising force to fight hospital-acquired infections. J Craniomaxillofac.Surg. 2009;37(7):392-397. View abstract.

Williams, G. O. and Omoh, L. E. Mitotic effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus in Allium cepa root tips. Cytobios 1996;87(350):161-168. View abstract.

Wilson, N. D., Ivanova, M. S., Watt, R. A., and Moffat, A. C. The quantification of citral in lemongrass and lemon oils by near-infrared spectroscopy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002;54(9):1257-1263. View abstract.

Wohrl, S., Hemmer, W., Focke, M., Gotz, M., and Jarisch, R. The significance of fragrance mix, balsam of Peru, colophony and propolis as screening tools in the detection of fragrance allergy. Br.J Dermatol. 2001;145(2):268-273. View abstract.

Wong, K. K., Signal, F. A., Campion, S. H., and Motion, R. L. Citronella as an insect repellent in food packaging. J Agric.Food Chem 6-1-2005;53(11):4633-4636. View abstract.

Wright, S. C., Maree, J. E., and Sibanyoni, M. Treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and gentian violet. Phytomedicine 2009;16(2-3):118-124. View abstract.

Xue, R. D. and Barnard, D. R. Attraction, feeding, and repellency responses in mutant strains of Aedes aegypti. J Am.Mosq.Control Assoc. 2005;21(3):263-267. View abstract.

Yadav, S., Mittal, P. K., Saxena, P. N., and Singh, R. K. Effect of synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the toxicity of some essential oils against mosquito larvae. J Commun.Dis. 2008;40(4):263-268. View abstract.

Yadav, S., Mittal, P. K., Saxena, P. N., and Singh, R. K. Effect of synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the toxicity of some essential oils against mosquito larvae. J Commun.Dis. 2009;41(1):33-38. View abstract.

Yang, P. and Ma, Y. Repellent effect of plant essential oils against Aedes albopictus. J Vector.Ecol 2005;30(2):231-234. View abstract.

Youssef, N. N., Oliver, J. B., Ranger, C. M., Reding, M. E., Moyseenko, J. J., Klein, M. G., and Pappas, R. S. Field evaluation of essential oils for reducing attraction by the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J Econ.Entomol. 2009;102(4):1551-1558. View abstract.

Zamith, H. P., Vidal, M. N., Speit, G., and Paumgartten, F. J. Absence of genotoxic activity of beta-myrcene in the in vivo cytogenetic bone marrow assay. Braz.J Med Biol Res 1993;26(1):93-98. View abstract.

Zhu, B. C., Henderson, G., Chen, F., Fei, H., and Laine, R. A. Evaluation of vetiver oil and seven insect-active essential oils against the Formosan subterranean termite. J Chem.Ecol. 2001;27(8):1617-1625. View abstract.

Buckle J. Use of aromatherapy as a complementary treatment for chronic pain. Altern Ther Health Med 1999;5:42-51. View abstract.

Dorman HJ, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000;88:308-16. View abstract.

Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Available at: http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/.

Dudai N, Weinstein Y, Krup M, et al. Citral is a new inducer of caspase-3 in tumor cell lines. Planta Med 2005;71:484-8. View abstract.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Leite JR, Seabra Mde L, Maluf E, et al. Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans. J Ethnopharmacol 1986;17:75-83. View abstract.

Murch SJ, Simmons CB, Saxena PK. Melatonin in feverfew and other medicinal plants. Lancet 1997;350:1598-9. View abstract.