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Melatonin

Last Editorial Review: 6/11/2021
Other Name(s):

5-Methoxy-N-Acetyltryptamine, MEL, Melatonina, Mélatonine, MLT, N-Acetyl-5-Methoxytryptamine, N-Acétyl-5-Méthoxytryptamine, Pineal Hormone.

Overview

Melatonin is a hormone found naturally in the body. Melatonin used as medicine is usually made synthetically in a laboratory. It is most commonly available in pill form, but melatonin is also available in forms that can be placed in the cheek or under the tongue. This allows the melatonin to be absorbed directly into the body.

People use melatonin to adjust the body's internal clock. It is used for jet lag, for adjusting sleep-wake cycles in people whose daily work schedule changes (shift-work disorder), and for helping blind people establish a day and night cycle.

Melatonin is also used for the inability to fall asleep (insomnia); delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS); rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD); insomnia associated with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); insomnia due to certain high blood pressure medications called beta-blockers; and sleep problems in children with developmental disorders including autism, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disabilities. It is also used as a sleep aid after discontinuing the use of benzodiazepine drugs and to reduce the side effects of stopping smoking.

Some people use melatonin for Alzheimer's disease or memory loss (dementia), bipolar disorder, a lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), insomnia caused by beta-blocker drugs, endometriosis, ringing in the ears, depression or seasonal affective disorder (SAD), mild mental impairment, nonalcoholic liver disease, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), fibromyalgia, a disorder that causes a strong urge to move ones legs (restless legs syndrome; RLS), an inflammatory disease called sarcoidosis, schizophrenia, migraine and other headaches, age-related vision loss, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), bone loss (osteoporosis), a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia (TD), acid reflux disease, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), exercise performance, infertility, epilepsy, aging, for menopause, metabolic syndrome, for recovery after surgery, agitation caused by anesthesia, stress, involuntary movement disorder (tardive dyskinesia), changes in heart rate when you move from laying down to sitting up (postural tachycardia syndrome), delirium, inability to control urination, jaw pain, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis), and for birth control.

Other uses include breast cancer, brain cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, head cancer, neck cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer. Melatonin is also used for some of the side effects of cancer treatment (chemotherapy) including weight loss, nerve pain, weakness, and a lowered number of clot-forming cells (thrombocytopenia).

It is also used to calm people before they are given anesthesia for surgery.

The forms of melatonin that can be absorbed through the cheek or under the tongue are used for insomnia, shift-work disorder, and to calm people before receiving anesthesia for surgery.

Sometimes people apply melatonin to the skin to protect against sunburn.

Melatonin may also be injected into the muscle to help treat cancer.

How does it work?

Melatonin's main job in the body is to regulate night and day cycles or sleep-wake cycles. Darkness causes the body to produce more melatonin, which signals the body to prepare for sleep. Light decreases melatonin production and signals the body to prepare for being awake. Some people who have trouble sleeping have low levels of melatonin. It is thought that adding melatonin from supplements might help them sleep.

SLIDESHOW

Sleep Disorders: Foods That Help Sleep or Keep You Awake See Slideshow

Uses & Effectiveness

Likely Effective for...

  • Sleep disorders in blind people. Taking melatonin by mouth helps improve sleep disorders in blind children and adults.
  • Trouble falling asleep (delayed sleep phase syndrome). Taking melatonin by mouth appears to reduce the length of time needed to fall asleep in young adults and children who have trouble falling asleep. However, within one year of stopping treatment, this sleeping problem seems to return.
  • Sleeping problems in people with sleep-wake cycle disturbances. Taking melatonin by mouth is helpful for disturbed sleep-wake cycles in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities, autism, and other central nervous system disorders. Melatonin also appears to shorten the time it takes for to children with developmental disabilities to fall asleep. In addition, melatonin appears to improve sleep quality in people with reduced rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep. Also, melatonin appears to reduce the time it takes to fall asleep and the number of sleep interruptions in elderly people with sleep-wake cycle disturbances and dementia.

Possibly Effective for...

  • Insomnia caused by beta-blocker drugs. Beta-blocker drugs, such as atenolol and propranolol, are a class of drugs that seem to lower melatonin levels. This might cause problems sleeping. Research suggests that taking a melatonin supplement might reduce this side effect.
  • Painful uterus disorder called endometriosis. Research suggests that taking melatonin daily for 8 weeks reduces pain by 39.3% and painkiller use by 46%. It also reduces pain during menstruation, intercourse, and while going to the bathroom.
  • High blood pressure. Taking the controlled-release form of melatonin before bedtime seems to lower blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. Immediate-release formulations do not seem to work.
  • Insomnia. For primary insomnia (insomnia that is not related to a medical or environmental causes), melatonin seems to shorten the amount of time it takes to fall asleep, but only by about 12 minutes. Melatonin does not appear to improve "sleep efficiency," the percentage of time that a person actually spends sleeping during the time set aside for sleeping. Some people say melatonin makes them sleep better, even though tests do not agree. There is some evidence that melatonin is more likely to help older people than younger people or children. This may be because older people have less melatonin in their bodies to start with.
    There is some interest in finding out whether melatonin might help with "secondary insomnia." This is trouble sleeping that is related to other conditions such as Alzheimer's disease; depression; schizophrenia; hospitalization; and "ICU syndrome," which involves sleep disturbances in the intensive care unit. Research to date suggests that melatonin might not help to reduce the time it takes to fall asleep in secondary insomnia, but it might improve sleep efficiency.
  • Jet lag. Most research shows that melatonin can improve certain symptoms of jet lag such as alertness and movement coordination. Melatonin also seems to slightly improve other jet lag symptoms such as daytime sleepiness and tiredness. But, melatonin might not be effective for shortening the time it takes for people with jet lag to fall asleep.
  • Reducing anxiety before surgery. Melatonin used under the tongue seems to be as effective at reducing anxiety before surgery as midazolam, a conventional medication. It also seems to have fewer side effects in some people. Taking melatonin by mouth also seems to reduce anxiety before surgery, although some conflicting evidence exists.
  • Tumors. Taking high doses of melatonin with chemotherapy or other cancer treatments might reduce tumor size and improve survival rates in people with tumors.
  • Sunburn. Applying melatonin to the skin before sun exposure seems to prevent sunburn
  • Jaw pain (temporomandibular disorder). Research suggests that taking melatonin at bedtime for 4 weeks reduces pain by 44% and increases tolerance to pain by 39% in women wih jaw pain.
  • Low blood platelets (thrombocytopenia). Taking melatonin by mouth can improve low blood platelet counts associated with cancer, cancer treatment, and other disorders.

Possibly Ineffective for...

  • Withdrawal from drugs called benzodiazepines. Early research suggests that taking the controlled-release form of melatonin by mouth seems to help older people with insomnia related to withrdrawal from drugs called benzodiazepines. But the majority of research shows that taking melatonin does not help with benzodiazepine withdrawal in most patients.
  • Weight loss from cancer (cachexia). Research suggests that taking melatonin each evening for 28 days does not improve appetite, body weight, or body composition in people with wasting syndrome from cancer.
  • Memory loss (dementia). Most research suggests that taking melatonin does not improve behavior or affect symptoms in people with Alzheimer's disease or other forms of memory loss. But taking melatonin might reduce confusion and restlessness when the sun goes down in people with these conditions.
  • Exercise performance. Taking melatonin one hour before resistance exercise does not seem to improve performance.
  • Infertility. Taking melatonin does not appear to improve fertility or pregnancy rates in women undergoing fertility treatments. But some research suggests that taking melatonin daily for at least 2 weeks might improve pregnancy rates in women ungergoing IVF.
  • Adjusting sleep schedule in people who do shift work. Taking melatonin by mouth does not seem to improve sleeping problems in people who do shift work.

Likely Ineffective for...

  • Depression. Although melatonin might improve sleeping problems in people with depression, it does not seem to improve depression itself. There is also some concern that melatonin might worsen symptoms in some people. It is not clear if taking melatonin can prevent depression.

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...

  • Age-related vision loss (age-related macular degeneration). Early research suggests that taking melatonin might delay the loss of vision in people with age-related vision loss.
  • Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Limited research suggests that melatonin might reduce insomnia in children with ADHD who are taking stimulants. However, improved sleep does not seem to decrease symptoms of ADHD.
  • Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia). Some research suggests that taking melatonin can reduce excessive urination at night in some men with enlarged prostate.
  • Bipolar disorder. Early research suggests that taking melatonin at bedtime increases sleep duration and reduces manic symptoms in people with bipolar disorder who also have insomnia. But there are also concerns that taking melatonin might make symptoms worse in some people with bipolar disorder.
  • Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Some early research suggests that taking melatonin in the evening might improve some symptoms of CFS, including fatigue, concentration, and motivation. However, other early research suggests that taking melatonin by mouth does not improve CFS symptoms.
  • Lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Some evidence suggests that taking melatonin improves shortness of breath in people with COPD. However, it does not seem to improve lung function or exercise capacity.
  • Cluster headache. Taking melatonin 10 mg by mouth every evening might reduce the frequency of cluster headaches. However, lower doses don't seem to work.
  • Problems with mental function. Taking a mixture of docosahexaeonic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), vitamin E, soy, phospholipids, melatonin, and tryptophan appears to improve mental function, speech, and sensitively to smell in older people with some problems with mental function.
  • Delirium. Evidence suggests that taking melatonin nightly for 14 days reduces the risk of delirium in older people.
  • Indigestion (dyspepsia). Taking melatonin nightly seems to reduce indigestion.
  • Nighttime bedwetting (enuresis). Early research suggests that taking melatonin before bed does not reduce the number of wet beds in children with nighttime bedwetting.
  • Fibromyalgia. Melatonin might decrease the severity of pain and stiffness in people with fibromyalgia.
  • Acid reflux disease. Taking melatonin daily at bedtime might improve symptoms of acid reflux, including heartburn. However, taking conventional medication seems to be more effective.
  • Stomach ulcers caused by H. pylori infection. Evidence suggests that taking melatonin together with the drug omeprazole improves healing in people with ulcers caused by H. pylori infection.
  • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Early research suggests that taking melatonin might improve some, but not all, symptoms of IBS. Some research suggests that melatonin works better in people with IBS in which constipation rather than diarrhea is the main symptom.
  • Menopausal symptoms. Limited research suggests that melatonin does not relieve menopausal symptoms. However, taking melatonin in combination with soy isoflavones might help psychological symptoms associated with menopause.
  • Metabolic syndrome. Early research suggests that taking melatonin reduces blood pressure as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol in people with metabolic syndrome.
  • Migraine headache. There is some evidence that taking melatonin before bed can prevent episodic migraine headache. When headaches do occur, they are milder and pass more quickly. However, other evidence shows that taking melatonin does not reduce the frequency of migraine attacks.
  • Withdrawal from nicotine. Taking melatonin 3.5 hours after nicotine withdrawal seems to reduce anxiety, restlessness, and cigarette cravings in smokers.
  • Liver disease (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis). Some evidence suggests that taking melatonin improves markers of liver function in the blood of people with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • Recovery after surgery. Some evidence suggests that taking melatonin the night before and one hour before undergoing surgery might reduce pain and drug use after surgery.
  • Changes in heart rate when you move from laying down to sitting up (postural tachycardia syndrome). Early research suggests that taking a single dose of melatonin reduces heart rate when you change from sitting to standing. But melatonin does not seem to affect blood pressure or other sympotoms.
  • Prostate cancer. Taking melatonin by mouth together with conventional medications might reduce the growth of prostate cancer.
  • Acting out dreams while sleeping. Some evidence suggests that taking melatonin before bed reduces muscle movement during sleep in people with a sleep disorder that involves acting out dreams.
  • A disorder that causes a strong urge to move ones legs (restless legs syndrome; RLS). Early research suggests that taking melatonin before bedtime might make symptoms worse in people with restless legs syndrome.
  • An inflammatory condition called sarcoidosis. Early evidence suggests that taking melatonin daily for one year followed by a reduced dose for a second year improves lung function and skin problems in people with an inflammatory condition called sarcoidosis.
  • Schizophrenia. There is conflicting evidence about the effects of melatonin on schizophrenia symptoms and side effects related to medications. Some research shows that taking melatonin by mouth for 8 weeks reduces weight gain associated with the use of the drug olanzapine and improves symptoms of schizophrenia. But other research suggests that it might not have any benefits and might worsen the side effects of second-generation antipsychotic medications.
  • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Some early research suggests that taking melatonin by mouth might reduce depression during the winter in people with SAD. But giving melatonin under the tongue does not seem to improve symptoms.
  • Seizures. There is some evidence that taking melatonin at bedtime may reduce the number and length of seizures in children with epilepsy. However, other evidence suggests that it does not reduce seizures. Melatonin should be used cautiously, because melatonin may increase the number of seizures in some people.
  • Agitation caused by anesthesia drugs. Some evidence suggests that taking melatonin before sevoflurane anesthesia reduces agitation after surgery.
  • Headache characterized by sudden sharp pain. Some evidence suggests that taking melatonin daily might prevent sudden stabbing headaches.
  • Stress. There is some evidence that taking melatonin might improve memory while under stress.
  • Movement disorder (tardive dyskinesia). Some evidence suggests that taking melatonin by mouth decreases symptoms of a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia. However, other evidence suggests that taking melatonin daily does not reduce involuntary movements in these patients.
  • Ringing in the ears (tinnitus). Some evidence suggests that taking melatonin at night reduces ringing in the ears and improves sleep quality. However, other research suggests that it does not reduce ear ringing.
  • Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis). Taking melatonin daily in combination with conventional medication seems to help control a type of inflammatory bowel disease called ulcerative colitis.
  • Metabolic syndrome.
  • Osteoporosis.
  • Birth control.
  • Aging.
  • Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate melatonin for these uses.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).

Side Effects

Melatonin is LIKELY SAFE for most adults when taken by mouth or injected into the body in the short-term, or when applied to the skin.

Melatonin is POSSIBLY SAFE when used by mouth appropriately, long-term. Melatonin has been used safely for up to 2 years in some people. However, it can cause some side effects including headache, short-term feelings of depression, daytime sleepiness, dizziness, stomach cramps, and irritability. Do not drive or use machinery for four to five hours after taking melatonin.

QUESTION

What is insomnia? See Answer

Special Precautions & Warnings

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Melatonin is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth or injected into the body during pregnancy. Do not use it. Melatonin might also interfere with ovulation, making it more difficult to become pregnant.

Not enough is known about the safety of using melatonin when breast-feeding. It is best not to use it.

Children: Melatonin is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth as a single dose. It is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when taken by mouth or injected into the body in multiple doses in the short-term. Because of its effects on other hormones, melatonin might interfere with development during adolescence.

Bleeding disorders: Melatonin might make bleeding worse in people with bleeding disorders.

Depression: Melatonin can make symptoms of depression worse.

Diabetes: Melatonin might increase blood sugar in people with diabetes. Monitor your blood sugar carefully, if you have diabetes and take melatonin.

High blood pressure: Melatonin can raise blood pressure in people who are taking certain medications to control blood pressure. Avoid using it.

Seizure disorders: Using melatonin might increase the risk of having a seizure.

Transplant recipients: Melatonin can increase immune function and might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy used by people receiving transplants.

Interactions

Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

The body makes melatonin. Birth control pills seem to increase how much melatonin the body makes. Taking melatonin along with birth control pills might cause too much melatonin to be in the body.

Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others.

CaffeineInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Caffeine might increase or decrease melatonin levels in the body. When taken together with melatonin supplements, caffeine seems to increase melatonin levels.

Fluvoxamine (Luvox)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Taking fluvoxamine (Luvox) can increase the amount of melatonin that the body absorbs. Taking melatonin along with fluvoxamine (Luvox) might increase the effects and side effects of melatonin.

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking melatonin along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking melatonin, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.

Some medications changed by the liver include acetaminophen (Tylenol), amitriptyline (Elavil), clopidogrel (Plavix), clozapine (Clozaril), diazepam (Valium), estradiol, olanzapine (Zyprexa), ondansetron (Zofran), propranolol (Inderal), ropinirole (Requip), tacrine (Cognex), theophylline, verapamil (Calan, Covera-HS, Isoptin, Verelan), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.

Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Melatonin might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking melatonin along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking melatonin, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.

Some medications changed by the liver include amitriptyline (Elavil), carisoprodol (Soma), citalopram (Celexa), diazepam (Valium), lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec), phenytoin (Dilantin), warfarin, and many others.

Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

There is some concern that melatonin might increase or decrease blood sugar. Diabetes medications are used to lower blood sugar. By affecting blood sugar, melatonin might decrease or increase the effectiveness of diabetes medications. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed.

Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others.

Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Melatonin might decrease blood pressure in healthy people. However, melatonin might make blood pressure worse in people who are already taking medications for high blood pressure. Do not take too much melatonin if you are taking medications for high blood pressure.

Some medications for high blood pressure include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.

Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Melatonin might increase the immune system. Taking melatonin along with medications that decrease the immune system might decrease the effectiveness of medications that decrease the immune system.

Some medications that decrease the immune system include azathioprine (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, Orthoclone OKT3), mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), corticosteroids (glucocorticoids), and others.

Medications that lower the seizure thresholdInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Melatonin might increase the frequency of seizures in some people, particularly children. Taking melatonin with drugs that lower the seizure threshold might increase the risk of a seizure.

Some medications that lower seizure threshold include anesthetics (propofol, others), antiarrhythmics (mexiletine), antibiotics (amphotericin, penicillin, cephalosporins, imipenem), antidepressants (bupropion, others), antihistamines (cyproheptadine, others), immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), narcotics (fentanyl, others), stimulants (methylphenidate), theophylline, and others.

Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Melatonin might slow blood clotting. Taking melatonin along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.

Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, others), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin), and others.

Medications used to prevent seizures (Anticonvulsants)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Melatonin might increase the frequency of seizures in some people, particularly children with multiple neurological disorders. In theory, taking melatonin might decrease the effectiveness of medications used to prevent seizures.

Some medications used to prevent seizures include phenobarbital, primidone (Mysoline), valproic acid (Depakene), gabapentin (Neurontin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), and others.

MethamphetamineInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Taking melatonin with methamphetamine might increase the effects and side effects of methamphetamine.

Nifedipine GITS (Procardia XL)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Nifedipine GITS (Procardia XL) is used to lower blood pressure. Taking melatonin might decrease the effectiveness of nifedipine GITS for lowering blood pressure.

Sedative medications (Benzodiazepines)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Melatonin might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Drugs that cause sleepiness and drowsiness are called sedatives. Taking melatonin along with sedative medications might cause too much sleepiness.

Some of these sedative medications include clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and others.

Sedative medications (CNS depressants)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Melatonin might cause sleepiness and drowsiness. Medications that cause sleepiness are called sedatives. Taking melatonin along with sedative medications might cause too much sleepiness.

Some sedative medications include clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), phenobarbital (Donnatal), zolpidem (Ambien), and others.

Verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

The body breaks down melatonin to get rid of it. Verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) can increase how quickly the body gets rid of melatonin. Taking melatonin along with verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) might decrease the effectiveness of melatonin.

Warfarin (Coumadin)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Warfarin (Coumadin) is used to slow blood clotting. Melatonin might increase the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin). Taking melatonin along with warfarin (Coumadin) might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin (Coumadin) might need to be changed.

Flumazenil (Romazicon)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.

Flumazenil (Romazicon) might decrease the effects of melatonin. It is not yet clear why this interaction occurs. Taking flumazenil (Romazicon) along with melatonin might decrease the effectiveness of melatonin supplements.

Dosing

The following doses have been studied in scientific research:

Adults
BY MOUTH:

  • For sleep disorders in blind people: 0.5 mg to 5 mg of melatonin taken daily before bedtime for up to 6 years has been used. A high dose of 10 mg taken an hour before bedtime for up to 9 weeks has also been used. 3 mg of a specific product (Pharma Nord, Vejle, Denmark) has also been taken daily for 12 months.
  • For trouble falling asleep: 0.3 to 5 mg of melatonin daily for up to 9 months has been used.
  • For sleeping problems in people with sleep-wake cycle disturbances: 2 mg to 12 mg taken at bedtime for up to 4 weeks has been used.
  • For insomnia: 2 mg to 3 mg of melatonin before bedtime for up to 29 weeks has been used in most research. Higher doses of up to 12 mg daily have also been used for shorter durations (up to 4 weeks).
  • For endometriosis: 10 mg daily for 8 weeks has been used.
  • For high blood pressure: 2 mg to 3 mg of a controlled-release melatonin has been use for 4 weeks.
  • For jet lag: 0.5 mg to 8 mg at bedtime is commonly taken on the arrival day at the destination, continuing for 2 to 5 days. Low doses of 0.5 mg to 3 mg are often used to avoid the hypnotic properties of the higher 4 to 5 mg doses.
  • For reducing anxiety before surgery in adults: 3 mg to 10 mg of melatonin has been taken 60 to 90 minutes before surgery.
  • As treatment for solid tumors in combination with conventional therapy: 10 mg to 40 mg along with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or interleukin 2 (IL-2). Melatonin is typically started 7 days before the start of chemotherapy and continued throughout full treatment course.
  • For jaw pain: 5 mg of melatonin at bedtime for 4 weeks has been used.
  • For prevention and treatment of lowered clot-forming cells (thrombocytopenia) associated with cancer chemotherapy: 20 mg to 40 mg of melatonin daily beginning up to 7 days before chemotherapy and continuing throughout chemotherapy cycles has been used.
APPLIED TO THE SKIN:
  • For sunburn: A gel containing 0.05% to 2.5% melatonin, applied either 15 minutes before or up to 4 hours after sun exposure, has been used.
Children
BY MOUTH:
  • For sleep disorders in blind people: 0.5 mg to 4 mg of melatonin daily for up to 6 years has been used.
  • For trouble falling asleep: 1 mg to 6 mg of melatonin before bedtime for up to one month has been used.
  • Sleeping problems in people with sleep-wake cycle disturbances: 0.5 mg to 12 mg of melatonin daily for up to 12 weeks has been used in children and adolescents 3 months to 17 years-old.
  • For insomnia: 5 mg or 0.05 mg/kg to 0.15 mg/kg of body weight taken at bedtime for 4 weeks has been used in children 6 to 12 years-old with primary insomnia. For secondary insomnia, 6 mg to 9 mg, taken before bedtime for 4 weeks, has been used in children 3 to 12 years-old.
  • For reducing anxiety before surgery: 0.05 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg of body weight has been taken before anesthesia in children 1 to 8 years-old.

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References

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Alstadhaug, K. B., Odeh, F., Salvesen, R., and Bekkelund, S. I. Prophylaxis of migraine with melatonin: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 10-26-2010;75(17):1527-1532. View abstract.

Ambriz-Tututi, M., Rocha-Gonzalez, H. I., Cruz, S. L., and Granados-Soto, V. Melatonin: a hormone that modulates pain. Life Sci. 4-10-2009;84(15-16):489-498. View abstract.

Antolin, I., Mayo, J. C., Sainz, R. M., del Brio, Mde L., Herrera, F., Martin, V., and Rodriguez, C. Protective effect of melatonin in a chronic experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 7-12-2002;943(2):163-173. View abstract.

Ardura, J., Gutierrez, R., Andres, J., and Agapito, T. Emergence and evolution of the circadian rhythm of melatonin in children. Horm.Res 2003;59(2):66-72. View abstract.

Arendt, J., Borbely, A. A., Franey, C., and Wright, J. The effects of chronic, small doses of melatonin given in the late afternoon on fatigue in man: a preliminary study. Neurosci.Lett 4-6-1984;45(3):317-321. View abstract.

Arias, J., Melean, E., Valero, N., Pons, H., Chacin-Bonilla, L., Larreal, Y., and Bonilla, E. [Effect of melatonin on lymphocyte proliferation and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in mice splenocytes]. Invest Clin 2003;44(1):41-50. View abstract.

Arrebola, F. A., Abecia, J. A., Forcada, F., Garcia, A., Martin, R. A., and Mesa, O. Effects of annual rainfall and farm on lamb production after treatment with melatonin implants in Merino sheep: a 4-year study. N.Z.Vet.J. 2009;57(3):141-145. View abstract.

Assayed, M. E. and Abd El-Aty, A. M. Protection of rat chromosomes by melatonin against gamma radiation-induced damage. Mutat.Res. 2009;677(1-2):14-20. View abstract.

Atkinson, G., Buckley, P., Edwards, B., Reilly, T., and Waterhouse, J. Are there hangover-effects on physical performance when melatonin is ingested by athletes before nocturnal sleep? Int J Sports Med 2001;22(3):232-234. View abstract.

Awney, H. A., Attih, A. M., Habib, S. L., and Mostafa, M. H. Effect of melatonin on the production of microsomal hydrogen peroxide and cytochrome P-450 content in rat treated with aflatoxin B(1). Toxicology 3-20-2002;172(2):143-148. View abstract.

Azpeleta, C., Martinez-Alvarez, R. M., Delgado, M. J., Isorna, E., and De, Pedro N. Melatonin reduces locomotor activity and circulating cortisol in goldfish. Horm.Behav. 2010;57(3):323-329. View abstract.

Babkoff, H., French, J., Whitmore, J., and Sutherlin, R. Single-dose bright light and/or caffeine effect on nocturnal performance. Aviat.Space Environ.Med. 2002;73(4):341-350. View abstract.

Baeza, I., Alvarado, C., Alvarez, P., Salazar, V., Castillo, C., Ariznavarreta, C., Fdez-Tresguerres, J. A., and De la Fuente, M. Improvement of leucocyte functions in ovariectomised aged rats after treatment with growth hormone, melatonin, oestrogens or phyto-oestrogens. J.Reprod.Immunol. 2009;80(1-2):70-79. View abstract.

Baeza, I., Fdez-Tresguerres, J., Ariznavarreta, C., and De la Fuente, M. Effects of growth hormone, melatonin, oestrogens and phytoestrogens on the oxidized glutathione (GSSG)/reduced glutathione (GSH) ratio and lipid peroxidation in aged ovariectomized rats. Biogerontology. 2010;11(6):687-701. View abstract.

Barni S, Lissoni P, Paolorossi F, and et al. Prevention of chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia by the pineal hormone melatonin (MLT) [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1996;15:528.

Bartsch, H., Buchberger, A., Franz, H., Bartsch, C., Maidonis, I., Mecke, D., and Bayer, E. Effect of melatonin and pineal extracts on human ovarian and mammary tumor cells in a chemosensitivity assay. Life Sci 11-3-2000;67(24):2953-2960. View abstract.

Batioglu, A. S., Sahin, U., Gurlek, B., Ozturk, N., and Unsal, E. The efficacy of melatonin administration on oocyte quality. Gynecol.Endocrinol. 2012;28(2):91-93. View abstract.

Baykara, B., Tekmen, I., Pekcetin, C., Ulukus, C., Tuncel, P., Sagol, O., Ormen, M., and Ozogul, C. The protective effects of carnosine and melatonin in ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat liver. Acta Histochem. 2009;111(1):42-51. View abstract.

Bazwinsky-Wutschke, I., Muhlbauer, E., Wolgast, S., and Peschke, E. Transcripts of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases are changed after forskolin- or IBMX-induced insulin secretion due to melatonin treatment of rat insulinoma beta-cells (INS-1). Horm.Metab Res. 2009;41(11):805-813. View abstract.

Bejarano, I., Redondo, P. C., Espino, J., Rosado, J. A., Paredes, S. D., Barriga, C., Reiter, R. J., Pariente, J. A., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human myeloid HL-60 cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):392-400. View abstract.

Bekyarova, G., Galunska, B., Ivanova, D., and Yankova, T. Effect of melatonin on burn-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Burns 2009;35(6):863-868. View abstract.

Bekyarova, G., Tancheva, S., and Hristova, M. Protective effect of melatonin against oxidative hepatic injury after experimental thermal trauma. Methods Find.Exp.Clin.Pharmacol. 2009;31(1):11-14. View abstract.

Bendz, L. M. and Scates, A. C. Melatonin treatment for insomnia in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann.Pharmacother. 2010;44(1):185-191. View abstract.

Benitez-King, G., Soto-Vega, E., and Ramirez-Rodriguez, G. Melatonin modulates microfilament phenotypes in epithelial cells: implications for adhesion and inhibition of cancer cell migration. Histol.Histopathol. 2009;24(6):789-799. View abstract.

Berk, L., Berkey, B., Rich, T., Hrushesky, W., Blask, D., Gallagher, M., Kudrimoti, M., McGarry, R. C., Suh, J., and Mehta, M. Randomized phase II trial of high-dose melatonin and radiation therapy for RPA class 2 patients with brain metastases (RTOG 0119). Int.J Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys. 7-1-2007;68(3):852-857. View abstract.

Berlinguer, F., Leoni, G. G., Succu, S., Spezzigu, A., Madeddu, M., Satta, V., Bebbere, D., Contreras-Solis, I., Gonzalez-Bulnes, A., and Naitana, S. Exogenous melatonin positively influences follicular dynamics, oocyte developmental competence and blastocyst output in a goat model. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):383-391. View abstract.

Bharti, V. K. and Srivastava, R. S. Fluoride-induced oxidative stress in rat's brain and its amelioration by buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) pineal proteins and melatonin. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 2009;130(2):131-140. View abstract.

Bikjdaouene, L., Escames, G., Leon, J., Ferrer, J. M., Khaldy, H., Vives, F., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Changes in brain amino acids and nitric oxide after melatonin administration in rats with pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. J Pineal Res 2003;35(1):54-60. View abstract.

Bilici, D., Akpinar, E., and Kiziltunc, A. Protective effect of melatonin in carrageenan-induced acute local inflammation. Pharmacol.Res 2002;46(2):133-139. View abstract.

Bilici, D., Suleyman, H., Banoglu, Z. N., Kiziltunc, A., Avci, B., Ciftcioglu, A., and Bilici, S. Melatonin prevents ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage possibly due to its antioxidant effect. Dig.Dis.Sci. 2002;47(4):856-861. View abstract.

Birau N, Peterssen U, Meyer C, and et al. Hypotensive effect of melatonin in essential hypertension. IRCS Med Sci 1981;9:905-906.

Bizzarri, M., Cucina, A., Valente, M. G., Tagliaferri, F., Borrelli, V., Stipa, F., and Cavallaro, A. Melatonin and vitamin D3 increase TGF-beta1 release and induce growth inhibition in breast cancer cell cultures. J Surg Res 2003;110(2):332-337. View abstract.

Bjorvatn, B., Stangenes, K., Oyane, N., Forberg, K., Lowden, A., Holsten, F., and Akerstedt, T. Randomized placebo-controlled field study of the effects of bright light and melatonin in adaptation to night work. Scand.J Work Environ.Health 2007;33(3):204-214. View abstract.

Blask, D. E. and Hill, S. M. Effects of melatonin on cancer: studies on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture. J Neural Transm.Suppl 1986;21:433-449. View abstract.

Blask, D. E., Sauer, L. A., and Dauchy, R. T. Melatonin as a chronobiotic/anticancer agent: cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of action and their implications for circadian-based cancer therapy. Curr.Top.Med Chem. 2002;2(2):113-132. View abstract.

Boeve, B. F., Silber, M. H., and Ferman, T. J. Melatonin for treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder in neurologic disorders: results in 14 patients. Sleep Med. 2003;4(4):281-284. View abstract.

Bojanowska, E. and Forsling, M. L. The effects of melatonin on vasopressin secretion in vivo: interactions with acetylcholine and prostaglandins. Brain Res Bull 1997;42(6):457-461. View abstract.

Bojkowski, C. J., Arendt, J., Shih, M. C., and Markey, S. P. Melatonin secretion in humans assessed by measuring its metabolite, 6- sulfatoxymelatonin. Clin Chem 1987;33(8):1343-1348. View abstract.

Bonnefont-Rousselot, D., Cheve, G., Gozzo, A., Tailleux, A., Guilloz, V., Caisey, S., Teissier, E., Fruchart, J. C., Delattre, J., Jore, D., Lesieur, D., Duriez, P., and Gardes-Albert, M. Melatonin related compounds inhibit lipid peroxidation during copper or free radical-induced LDL oxidation. J Pineal Res 2002;33(2):109-117. View abstract.

Borah, A. and Mohanakumar, K. P. Melatonin inhibits 6-hydroxydopamine production in the brain to protect against experimental parkinsonism in rodents. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(4):293-300. View abstract.

Borazan, H., Tuncer, S., Yalcin, N., Erol, A., and Otelcioglu, S. Effects of preoperative oral melatonin medication on postoperative analgesia, sleep quality, and sedation in patients undergoing elective prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial. J.Anesth. 2010;24(2):155-160. View abstract.

Braam, W., Smits, M. G., Didden, R., Korzilius, H., van Geijlswijk, I. M., and Curfs, L. M. Exogenous melatonin for sleep problems in individuals with intellectual disability: a meta-analysis. Dev.Med.Child Neurol. 2009;51(5):340-349. View abstract.

Braam, W., van, Geijlswijk, I, Keijzer, H., Smits, M. G., Didden, R., and Curfs, L. M. Loss of response to melatonin treatment is associated with slow melatonin metabolism. J.Intellect.Disabil.Res. 2010;54(6):547-555. View abstract.

Brismar, K., Hylander, B., Eliasson, K., Rossner, S., and Wetterberg, L. Melatonin secretion related to side-effects of beta-blockers from the central nervous system. Acta Med Scand 1988;223(6):525-530. View abstract.

Brivio, F., Fumagalli, L., Fumagalli, G., Pescia, S., Brivio, R., DI, Fede G., Rovelli, F., and Lissoni, P. Synchronization of cortisol circadian rhythm by the pineal hormone melatonin in untreatable metastatic solid tumor patients and its possible prognostic significance on tumor progression. In Vivo 2010;24(2):239-241. View abstract.

Brueske V, Allen J, Kepic T, and et al. Melatonin inhibition of seizure activity in man [abstract]. Electroencephalog Clin Neurophysiol 1981;51:20P.

Brugger, P., Marktl, W., and Herold, M. Impaired nocturnal secretion of melatonin in coronary heart disease. Lancet 6-3-1995;345(8962):1408. View abstract.

Brzezinski, A., Fibich, T., Cohen, M., Schenker, J. G., and Laufer, N. Effects of melatonin on progesterone production by human granulosa lutein cells in culture. Fertil.Steril. 1992;58(3):526-529. View abstract.

Bukowska, A. [Anticarcinogenic role of melatonin--potential mechanisms]. Med.Pr 2011;62(4):425-434. View abstract.

Buscemi, N., Vandermeer, B., Pandya, R., Hooton, N., Tjosvold, L., Hartling, L., Baker, G., Vohra, S., and Klassen, T. Melatonin for treatment of sleep disorders. Evid.Rep.Technol.Assess.(Summ.) 2004;(108):1-7. View abstract.

Caballero, B., Vega-Naredo, I., Sierra, V., Huidobro-Fernandez, C., Soria-Valles, C., De Gonzalo-Calvo, D., Tolivia, D., Pallas, M., Camins, A., Rodriguez-Colunga, M. J., and Coto-Montes, A. Melatonin alters cell death processes in response to age-related oxidative stress in the brain of senescence-accelerated mice. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):106-114. View abstract.

Cabeza, J., Alarcon-de-la-Lastra, C., Jimenez, D., Martin, M. J., and Motilva, V. Melatonin modulates the effects of gastric injury in rats: role of prostaglandins and nitric oxide. Neurosignals. 2003;12(2):71-77. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Arangino, S., Angiolucci, M., Maschio, E., and Melis, G. B. Influences of melatonin administration on the circulation of women. Am J Physiol 1998;274(2 Pt 2):R335-R338. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Arangino, S., Angiolucci, M., Maschio, E., Longu, G., and Melis, G. B. Potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects of melatonin administration in women. J Pineal Res 1997;22(1):16-19. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Arangino, S., Angiolucci, M., Melis, G. B., Facchinetti, F., Malmusi, S., and Volpe, A. Effect of exogenous melatonin on vascular reactivity and nitric oxide in postmenopausal women: role of hormone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;54(2):261-266. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Arangino, S., Angiolucci, M., Melis, G. B., Tarquini, R., Renzi, A., and Volpe, A. Different circulatory response to melatonin in postmenopausal women without and with hormone replacement therapy. J Pineal Res 2000;29(3):152-158. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Cannoletta, M., Renzi, A., Baldassari, F., Arangino, S., and Volpe, A. Prolonged melatonin administration decreases nocturnal blood pressure in women. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(12 Pt 1):1614-1618. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Elliott, J. A., and Yen, S. S. Amplification of pulsatile LH secretion by exogenous melatonin in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73(1):210-212. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Elliott, J. A., and Yen, S. S. Melatonin: a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 1992;75(2):447-452. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Paoletti, A. M., Soldani, R., Orru, M., Maschio, E., and Melis, G. B. Melatonin enhances the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the follicular, but not in the luteal, menstrual phase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80(4):1095-1099. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Soldani, R., and Yen, S. S. Contemporaneous melatonin administration modifies the circadian response to nocturnal bright light stimuli. Am J Physiol 1997;272(2 Pt 2):R482-R486. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Soldani, R., and Yen, S. S. Exogenous melatonin enhances luteinizing hormone levels of women in the follicular but not in the luteal menstrual phase. Fertil.Steril. 1995;63(5):996-999. View abstract.

Cagnacci, A., Soldani, R., and Yen, S. S. Melatonin enhances cortisol levels in aged but not young women. Eur.J Endocrinol. 1995;133(6):691-695. View abstract.

Cajochen, C., Krauchi, K., von Arx, M. A., Mori, D., Graw, P., and Wirz-Justice, A. Daytime melatonin administration enhances sleepiness and theta/alpha activity in the waking EEG. Neurosci.Lett. 4-5-1996;207(3):209-213. View abstract.

Calvo, J. R., Guerrero, J. M., Osuna, C., Molinero, P., and Carrillo-Vico, A. Melatonin triggers Crohn's disease symptoms. J Pineal Res 2002;32(4):277-278. View abstract.

Capuzzo, M., Zanardi, B., Schiffino, E., Buccoliero, C., Gragnaniello, D., Bianchi, S., and Alvisi, R. Melatonin does not reduce anxiety more than placebo in the elderly undergoing surgery. Anesth.Analg. 2006;103(1):121-3, table. View abstract.

Carbajo-Pescador, S., Martin-Renedo, J., Garcia-Palomo, A., Tunon, M. J., Mauriz, J. L., and Gonzalez-Gallego, J. Changes in the expression of melatonin receptors induced by melatonin treatment in hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(4):330-338. View abstract.

Cardinali DP, Gvozdenovich E, and Kaplan MR. A double blind-placebo controlled study on melatonin efficacy to reduce anxiolytic benzodiazepine use in the elderly. Neuroendocrinol.Lett 2002;23(1):55-60.

Cardinali, D. P., Ladizesky, M. G., Boggio, V., Cutrera, R. A., and Mautalen, C. Melatonin effects on bone: experimental facts and clinical perspectives. J Pineal Res 2003;34(2):81-87. View abstract.

Carretero, M., Escames, G., Lopez, L. C., Venegas, C., Dayoub, J. C., Garcia, L., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Long-term melatonin administration protects brain mitochondria from aging. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):192-200. View abstract.

Carvalho, L. A., Gorenstein, C., Moreno, R., Pariante, C., and Markus, R. P. Effect of antidepressants on melatonin metabolite in depressed patients. J.Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(3):315-321. View abstract.

Casao, A., Mendoza, N., Perez-Pe, R., Grasa, P., Abecia, J. A., Forcada, F., Cebrian-Perez, J. A., and Muino-Blanco, T. Melatonin prevents capacitation and apoptotic-like changes of ram spermatozoa and increases fertility rate. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(1):39-46. View abstract.

Castro, F., Carrizo, E., Prieto de, Rincon D., Rincon, C. A., Asian, T., Medina-Leendertz, S., and Bonilla, E. Effectiveness of melatonin in tardive dyskinesia. Invest Clin. 2011;52(3):252-260. View abstract.

Caumo, W., Levandovski, R., and Hidalgo, M. P. Preoperative anxiolytic effect of melatonin and clonidine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J.Pain 2009;10(1):100-108. View abstract.

Caumo, W., Torres, F., Moreira, N. L., Jr., Auzani, J. A., Monteiro, C. A., Londero, G., Ribeiro, D. F., and Hidalgo, M. P. The clinical impact of preoperative melatonin on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth.Analg. 2007;105(5):1263-71, table. View abstract.

Cavallo, A., Ris, M. D., Succop, P., and Jaskiewicz, J. Melatonin treatment of pediatric residents for adaptation to night shift work. Ambul.Pediatr. 2005;5(3):172-177. View abstract.

Celebi, S., Dilsiz, N., Yilmaz, T., and Kukner, A. S. Effects of melatonin, vitamin E and octreotide on lipid peroxidation during ischemia-reperfusion in the guinea pig retina. Eur.J Ophthalmol. 2002;12(2):77-83. View abstract.

Celinski, K., Konturek, S. J., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., Cichoz-Lach, H., Slomka, M., Malgorzata, P., Bielanski, W., and Reiter, R. J. Melatonin or L-tryptophan accelerates healing of gastroduodenal ulcers in patients treated with omeprazole. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(4):389-394. View abstract.

Cemek, M., Emin, Buyukokuroglu M., Yurumez, Y., Yavuz, Y., Aslan, A., Buyukben, A., and Aymelek, F. Tissue trace and major element levels in organophosphate insecticide fenthion (Lebaycid) toxicity in rats: prophylactic and therapeutic effect of exogenous melatonin. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf 2010;73(2):206-212. View abstract.

Cernysiov, V., Gerasimcik, N., Mauricas, M., and Girkontaite, I. Regulation of T-cell-independent and T-cell-dependent antibody production by circadian rhythm and melatonin. Int.Immunol. 2010;22(1):25-34. View abstract.

Cetin, Y., Sagcan, S., Gungor, O., Ozyurtlu, N., and Uslu, B. A. Effects of CIDR-G and melatonin implants, and their combination on the efficacy of oestrus induction and fertility of Kilis goats. Reprod.Domest.Anim 2009;44(4):659-662. View abstract.

Chahbouni, M., Escames, G., Lopez, L. C., Sevilla, B., Doerrier, C., Munoz-Hoyos, A., Molina-Carballo, A., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Melatonin treatment counteracts the hyperoxidative status in erythrocytes of patients suffering from Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Clin.Biochem. 2011;44(10-11):853-858. View abstract.

Chang, H. M., Wu, U. I., and Lan, C. T. Melatonin preserves longevity protein (sirtuin 1) expression in the hippocampus of total sleep-deprived rats. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(3):211-220. View abstract.

Chaudhary, G., Sharma, U., Jagannathan, N. R., and Gupta, Y. K. Evaluation of Withania somnifera in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in rats. Clin Exp.Pharmacol Physiol 2003;30(5-6):399-404. View abstract.

Chen, G., Huo, Y., Tan, D. X., Liang, Z., Zhang, W., and Zhang, Y. Melatonin in Chinese medicinal herbs. Life Sci. 5-23-2003;73(1):19-26. View abstract.

Chen, J. C., Ng, C. J., Chiu, T. F., and Chen, H. M. Altered neutrophil apoptosis activity is reversed by melatonin in liver ischemia-reperfusion. J Pineal Res 2003;34(4):260-264. View abstract.

Chen, K. B., Lin, A. M., and Chiu, T. H. Oxidative injury to the locus coeruleus of rat brain: neuroprotection by melatonin. J Pineal Res 2003;35(2):109-117. View abstract.

Chen, Z., Chua, C. C., Gao, J., Chua, K. W., Ho, Y. S., Hamdy, R. C., and Chua, B. H. Prevention of ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac apoptosis and injury by melatonin is independent of glutathione peroxdiase 1. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):235-241. View abstract.

Chen, Z., Chua, C. C., Gao, J., Hamdy, R. C., and Chua, B. H. Protective effect of melatonin on myocardial infarction. Am.J Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2003;284(5):H1618-H1624. View abstract.

Cheung, R. T. The utility of melatonin in reducing cerebral damage resulting from ischemia and reperfusion. J Pineal Res 2003;34(3):153-160. View abstract.

Chiodera, P., Volpi, R., Capretti, L., Giuliani, N., Caffarri, G., and Coiro, V. Melatonin inhibits oxytocin response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia, but not to angiotensin II in normal men. J Neural Transm. 1998;105(2-3):173-180. View abstract.

Chiodera, P., Volpi, R., Capretti, L., Giuliani, N., Maffei, M. L., and Coiro, V. Effect of melatonin on arginine vasopressin secretion stimulated by physical exercise or angiotensin II in normal men. Neuropeptides 1998;32(2):125-129. View abstract.

Chojnacki, C., Wisniewska-Jarosinska, M., Walecka-Kapica, E., Klupinska, G., Jaworek, J., and Chojnacki, J. Evaluation of melatonin effectiveness in the adjuvant treatment of ulcerative colitis. J.Physiol Pharmacol. 2011;62(3):327-334. View abstract.

Chowdhury, V. S., Yamamoto, K., Ubuka, T., Bentley, G. E., Hattori, A., and Tsutsui, K. Melatonin stimulates the release of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone by the avian hypothalamus. Endocrinology 2010;151(1):271-280. View abstract.

Chung, S. Y. and Han, S. H. Melatonin attenuates kainic acid-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and oxidative stress through microglial inhibition. J Pineal Res 2003;34(2):95-102. View abstract.

Cichoz-Lach, H., Celinski, K., Konturek, P. C., Konturek, S. J., and Slomka, M. The effects of L-tryptophan and melatonin on selected biochemical parameters in patients with steatohepatitis. J.Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;61(5):577-580. View abstract.

Claustrat, B., Brun, J., Garry, P., Roussel, B., and Sassolas, G. A once-repeated study of nocturnal plasma melatonin patterns and sleep recordings in six normal young men. J Pineal Res 1986;3(4):301-310. View abstract.

Coiro, V., Volpi, R., Capretti, L., Giuliani, N., Caffarri, G., Colla, R., Marchesi, C., and Chiodera, P. Different effects of naloxone on the growth hormone response to melatonin and pyridostigmine in normal men. Metabolism 1998;47(7):814-816. View abstract.

Constantinescu, C. S., Hilliard, B., Ventura, E., and Rostami, A. Luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist, suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Pathobiology 1997;65(4):190-194. View abstract.

Cook, J. S. and Ray, C. A. Melatonin attenuates the vestibulosympathetic but not vestibulocollic reflexes in humans: selective impairment of the utricles. J.Appl.Physiol 2010;109(6):1697-1701. View abstract.

Cook, J. S., Sauder, C. L., and Ray, C. A. Melatonin differentially affects vascular blood flow in humans. Am.J.Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2011;300(2):H670-H674. View abstract.

Coppola, G., Iervolino, G., Mastrosimone, M., La Torre, G., Ruiu, F., and Pascotto, A. Melatonin in wake-sleep disorders in children, adolescents and young adults with mental retardation with or without epilepsy: a double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial. Brain Dev. 2004;26(6):373-376. View abstract.

Cowen, P. J., Bevan, J. S., Gosden, B., and Elliott, S. A. Treatment with beta-adrenoceptor blockers reduces plasma melatonin concentration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985;19(2):258-260. View abstract.

Cowen, P. J., Fraser, S., Sammons, R., and Green, A. R. Atenolol reduces plasma melatonin concentration in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983;15(5):579-581. View abstract.

Cruz, A., Tasset, I., Ramirez, L. M., Arjona, A., Segura, J., Tunez, I., Montilla, P., Muntane, J., and Padillo, F. J. Effect of melatonin on myocardial oxidative stress induced by experimental obstructive jaundice. Rev.Esp.Enferm.Dig. 2009;101(7):460-463. View abstract.

Cucina, A., Proietti, S., D'Anselmi, F., Coluccia, P., Dinicola, S., Frati, L., and Bizzarri, M. Evidence for a biphasic apoptotic pathway induced by melatonin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):172-180. View abstract.

Cugini, P., Touitou, Y., Bogdan, A., Auzeby, A., Pellegrino, A. M., Fontana, S., Vacca, K., Siena, G. D., Di Rosa, R., Zannella, F. P., Zannella, P., Zannella, A., Sepe, F. A., and Sepe, L. Is melatonin circadian rhythm a physiological feature associated with healthy longevity? A study of long-living subjects and their progeny. Chronobiol Int 2001;18(1):99-107. View abstract.

Dagan, Y., Yovel, I., Hallis, D., Eisenstein, M., and Raichik, I. Evaluating the role of melatonin in the long-term treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). Chronobiol.Int 1998;15(2):181-190. View abstract.

Dagan, Y., Zisapel, N., Nof, D., Laudon, M., and Atsmon, J. Rapid reversal of tolerance to benzodiazepine hypnotics by treatment with oral melatonin: a case report. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1997;7(2):157-160.

Dai, J., Ram, P. T., Yuan, L., Spriggs, L. L., and Hill, S. M. Transcriptional repression of RORalpha activity in human breast cancer cells by melatonin. Mol.Cell Endocrinol 5-15-2001;176(1-2):111-120. View abstract.

Danforth, D. N., Jr., Tamarkin, L., and Lippman, M. E. Melatonin increases oestrogen receptor binding activity of human breast cancer cells. Nature 9-22-1983;305(5932):323-325. View abstract.

Danforth, D. N., Jr., Tamarkin, L., Mulvihill, J. J., Bagley, C. S., and Lippman, M. E. Plasma melatonin and the hormone-dependency of human breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 1985;3(7):941-948. View abstract.

Danielczyk, K. and Dziegiel, P. [MT1 melatonin receptors and their role in the oncostatic action of melatonin]. Postepy Hig.Med.Dosw.(Online.) 2009;63:425-434. View abstract.

Danilenko, K. V. and Putilov, A. A. Melatonin treatment of winter depression following total sleep deprivation: waking EEG and mood correlates. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30(7):1345-1352. View abstract.

Dauchy, R. T., Blask, D. E., Dauchy, E. M., Davidson, L. K., Tirrell, P. C., Greene, M. W., Tirrell, R. P., Hill, C. R., and Sauer, L. A. Antineoplastic effects of melatonin on a rare malignancy of mesenchymal origin: melatonin receptor-mediated inhibition of signal transduction, linoleic acid metabolism and growth in tissue-isolated human leiomyosarcoma xenografts. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):32-42. View abstract.

Dawson, D., Encel, N., and Lushington, K. Improving adaptation to simulated night shift: timed exposure to bright light versus daytime melatonin administration. Sleep 1995;18(1):11-21. View abstract.

Dawson, D., Gibbon, S., and Singh, P. The hypothermic effect of melatonin on core body temperature: is more better? J Pineal Res 1996;20(4):192-197. View abstract.

Dawson, D., Rogers, N. L., van den Heuvel, C. J., Kennaway, D. J., and Lushington, K. Effect of sustained nocturnal transbuccal melatonin administration on sleep and temperature in elderly insomniacs. J Biol Rhythms 1998;13(6):532-538. View abstract.

de Leiva, A., Tortosa, F., Peinado, M. A., Serrano, J., Rodriguez-Espinosa, J., and Puig-Domingo, M. Episodic nyctohemeral secretion of melatonin in adult humans: lack of relation with LH pulsatile pattern. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1990;122(1):76-82. View abstract.

de Lourdes, M., Seabra, V., Bignotto, M., Pinto, L. R., Jr., and Tufik, S. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial, controlled with placebo, of the toxicology of chronic melatonin treatment. J Pineal Res 2000;29(4):193-200. View abstract.

de Matos, Cavalcante A. G., de Bruin, P. F., de Bruin, V. M., Nunes, D. M., Pereira, E. D., Cavalcante, M. M., and Andrade, G. M. Melatonin reduces lung oxidative stress in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J.Pineal Res. 2012;53(3):238-244. View abstract.

de, Jonghe A., Korevaar, J. C., van Munster, B. C., and de Rooij, S. E. Effectiveness of melatonin treatment on circadian rhythm disturbances in dementia. Are there implications for delirium? A systematic review. Int.J.Geriatr.Psychiatry 2010;25(12):1201-1208. View abstract.

Deacon, S. and Arendt, J. Melatonin-induced temperature suppression and its acute phase-shifting effects correlate in a dose-dependent manner in humans. Brain Res 8-7-1995;688(1-2):77-85. View abstract.

Deacon, S., English, J., and Arendt, J. Acute phase-shifting effects of melatonin associated with suppression of core body temperature in humans. Neurosci.Lett. 8-29-1994;178(1):32-34. View abstract.

Delagrange, P., Atkinson, J., Boutin, J. A., Casteilla, L., Lesieur, D., Misslin, R., Pellissier, S., Penicaud, L., and Renard, P. Therapeutic perspectives for melatonin agonists and antagonists. J Neuroendocrinol. 2003;15(4):442-448. View abstract.

Dericks-Tan, J. S., Schwinn, P., and Hildt, C. Dose-dependent stimulation of melatonin secretion after administration of agnus castus. Exp.Clin Endocrinol.Diabetes 2003;111(1):44-46. View abstract.

Di, W. L., Kadva, A., Johnston, A., and Silman, R. Variable bioavailability of oral melatonin. N.Engl.J Med 4-3-1997;336(14):1028-1029. View abstract.

Diez, E. R., Prados, L. V., Carrion, A., Ponce, Z. A., and Miatello, R. M. A novel electrophysiologic effect of melatonin on ischemia/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):155-160. View abstract.

Dilek, M., Naziroglu, M., Baha, Oral H., Suat, Ovey, I, Kucukayaz, M., Mungan, M. T., Kara, H. Y., and Sutcu, R. Melatonin modulates hippocampus NMDA receptors, blood and brain oxidative stress levels in ovariectomized rats. J.Membr.Biol. 2010;233(1-3):135-142. View abstract.

Dollins, A. B., Lynch, H. J., Wurtman, R. J., Deng, M. H., and Lieberman, H. R. Effects of illumination on human nocturnal serum melatonin levels and performance. Physiol Behav. 1993;53(1):153-160. View abstract.

Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Abreu-Gonzalez, P., Garcia-Gonzalez, M. J., Kaski, J. C., Reiter, R. J., and Jimenez-Sosa, A. A unicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of Melatonin as an Adjunct in patients with acute myocaRdial Infarction undergoing primary Angioplasty The Melatonin Adjunct in the acute myocaRdial Infarction treated with Angioplasty (MARIA) trial: study design and rationale. Contemp.Clin Trials 2007;28(4):532-539. View abstract.

Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Abreu-Gonzalez, P., Jimenez-Sosa, A., Avanzas, P., Bosa-Ojeda, F., and Kaski, J. C. Usefulness of intraplatelet melatonin levels to predict angiographic no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am.J.Cardiol. 12-1-2010;106(11):1540-1544. View abstract.

Dong, W., Huang, F., Fan, W., Cheng, S., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., Shi, H., and He, H. Differential effects of melatonin on amyloid-beta peptide 25-35-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal neurons at different stages of culture. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):117-125. View abstract.

Drake, M. J., Mills, I. W., and Noble, J. G. Melatonin pharmacotherapy for nocturia in men with benign prostatic enlargement. J Urol. 2004;171(3):1199-1202. View abstract.

Edwards, B. J., Atkinson, G., Waterhouse, J., Reilly, T., Godfrey, R., and Budgett, R. Use of melatonin in recovery from jet-lag following an eastward flight across 10 time-zones. Ergonomics 2000;43(10):1501-1513. View abstract.

Edwards, R. B., Manzana, E. J., and Chen, W. J. Melatonin (an antioxidant) does not ameliorate alcohol-induced Purkinje cell loss in the developing cerebellum. Alcohol Clin Exp.Res 2002;26(7):1003-1009. View abstract.

El-Batch, M., Hassan, A. M., and Mahmoud, H. A. Taurine is more effective than melatonin on cytochrome P450 2E1 and some oxidative stress markers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Agric.Food Chem 5-11-2011;59(9):4995-5000. View abstract.

Elkhayat, H. A., Hassanein, S. M., Tomoum, H. Y., Abd-Elhamid, I. A., Asaad, T., and Elwakkad, A. S. Melatonin and sleep-related problems in children with intractable epilepsy. Pediatr.Neurol. 2010;42(4):249-254. View abstract.

Ersoz, N., Guven, A., Cayci, T., Uysal, B., Turk, E., Oztas, E., Akgul, E. O., Korkmaz, A., and Cetiner, S. Comparison of the efficacy of melatonin and 1400W on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury: a role for inhibiting iNOS. Ren Fail. 2009;31(8):704-710. View abstract.

Eryilmaz, O. G., Devran, A., Sarikaya, E., Aksakal, F. N., Mollamahmutoglu, L., and Cicek, N. Melatonin improves the oocyte and the embryo in IVF patients with sleep disturbances, but does not improve the sleeping problems. J.Assist.Reprod.Genet. 2011;28(9):815-820. View abstract.

Espino, J., Bejarano, I., Ortiz, A., Lozano, G. M., Garcia, J. F., Pariente, J. A., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin as a potential tool against oxidative damage and apoptosis in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Fertil.Steril. 2010;94(5):1915-1917. View abstract.

Espino, J., Bejarano, I., Paredes, S. D., Gonzalez, D., Barriga, C., Reiter, R. J., Pariente, J. A., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin counteracts alterations in oxidative metabolism and cell viability induced by intracellular calcium overload in human leucocytes: changes with age. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 2010;107(1):590-597. View abstract.

Esposito, E., Genovese, T., Caminiti, R., Bramanti, P., Meli, R., and Cuzzocrea, S. Melatonin reduces stress-activated/mitogen-activated protein kinases in spinal cord injury. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):79-86. View abstract.

Esposti, D., Lissoni, P., Mauri, R., Rovelli, F., Orsenigo, L., Pescia, S., Vegetti, G., Esposti, G., and Fraschini, F. The pineal gland-opioid system relation: melatonin-naloxone interactions in regulating GH and LH releases in man. J Endocrinol Invest 1988;11(2):103-106. View abstract.

Esquifino, A., Agrasal, C., Velazquez, E., Villanua, M. A., and Cardinali, D. P. Effect of melatonin on serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels, and on prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormone levels, in hyperprolactinemic rats. Life Sci 1997;61(11):1051-1058. View abstract.

Esteban, S., Garau, C., Aparicio, S., Moranta, D., Barcelo, P., Fiol, M. A., and Rial, R. Chronic melatonin treatment and its precursor L-tryptophan improve the monoaminergic neurotransmission and related behavior in the aged rat brain. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):170-177. View abstract.

Etzioni, A., Luboshitzky, R., Tiosano, D., Ben Harush, M., Goldsher, D., and Lavie, P. Melatonin replacement corrects sleep disturbances in a child with pineal tumor. Neurology 1996;46(1):261-263. View abstract.

Faber, M. S., Jetter, A., and Fuhr, U. Assessment of CYP1A2 activity in clinical practice: why, how, and when? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005;97(3):125-134. View abstract.

Faigl, V., Keresztes, M., Kulcsar, M., Nagy, S., Keresztes, Z., Amiridis, G. S., Solti, L., Huszenicza, G., and Cseh, S. Testicular function and semen characteristics of Awassi rams treated with melatonin out of the breeding season. Acta Vet.Hung. 2009;57(4):531-540. View abstract.

Fang, Q., Chen, G., Zhu, W., Dong, W., and Wang, Z. Influence of melatonin on cerebrovascular proinflammatory mediators expression and oxidative stress following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. Mediators.Inflamm. 2009;426346. View abstract.

Fariello, R. G., Bubenik, G. A., Brown, G. M., and Grota, L. J. Epileptogenic action of intraventricularly injected antimelatonin antibody. Neurology 1977;27(6):567-570. View abstract.

Feng, Y., Zhang, L. X., and Chao, D. M. [Role of melatonin in spatial learning and memory in rats and its mechanism]. Sheng Li Xue.Bao. 2-25-2002;54(1):65-70. View abstract.

Ferini-Strambi, L., Zucconi, M., Biella, G., Stankov, B., Fraschini, F., Oldani, A., and Smirne, S. Effect of melatonin on sleep microstructure: preliminary results in healthy subjects. Sleep 1993;16(8):744-747. View abstract.

Ferrari, E., Foppa, S., Bossolo, P. A., Comis, S., Esposti, G., Licini, V., Fraschini, F., and Brambilla, F. Melatonin and pituitary-gonadal function in disorders of eating behavior. J Pineal Res 1989;7(2):115-124. View abstract.

Fideleff, H., Aparicio, N. J., Guitelman, A., Debeljuk, L., Mancini, A., and Cramer, C. Effect of melatonin on the basal and stimulated gonadotropin levels in normal men and postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976;42(6):1014-1017. View abstract.

Fischer, S., Smolnik, R., Herms, M., Born, J., and Fehm, H. L. Melatonin acutely improves the neuroendocrine architecture of sleep in blind individuals. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2003;88(11):5315-5320. View abstract.

Fischer, T. W., Scholz, G., Knoll, B., Hipler, U. C., and Elsner, P. Melatonin reduces UV-induced reactive oxygen species in a dose- dependent manner in IL-3-stimulated leukocytes. J Pineal Res 2001;31(1):39-45.

Fischer, T. W., Scholz, G., Knoll, B., Hipler, U. C., and Elsner, P. Melatonin suppresses reactive oxygen species in UV-irradiated leukocytes more than vitamin C and trolox. Skin Pharmacol.Appl.Skin Physiol 2002;15(5):367-373. View abstract.

Force, R. W., Hansen, L., and Bedell, M. Psychotic episode after melatonin. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31(11):1408. View abstract.

Forrest, C. M., Mackay, G. M., Stoy, N., Stone, T. W., and Darlington, L. G. Inflammatory status and kynurenine metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis treated with melatonin. Br.J Clin Pharmacol 2007;64(4):517-526. View abstract.

Fourtillan, J. B., Brisson, A. M., Fourtillan, M., Ingrand, I., Decourt, J. P., and Girault, J. Melatonin secretion occurs at a constant rate in both young and older men and women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;280(1):E11-E22. View abstract.

Fowler, G., Daroszewska, M., and Ingold, K. U. Melatonin does not "directly scavenge hydrogen peroxide": demise of another myth. Free Radic.Biol.Med 1-1-2003;34(1):77-83. View abstract.

Franca, E. L., Feliciano, N. D., Silva, K. A., Ferrari, C. K., and Honorio-Franca, A. C. Modulatory role of melatonin on superoxide release by spleen macrophages isolated from alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Bratisl.Lek.Listy 2009;110(9):517-522. View abstract.

Friedman, O., Orvieto, R., Fisch, B., Felz, C., Freud, E., Ben-Haroush, A., and Abir, R. Possible improvements in human ovarian grafting by various host and graft treatments. Hum.Reprod. 2012;27(2):474-482. View abstract.

Fukai, S. and Akishita, M. [Hormone replacement therapy--growth hormone, melatonin, DHEA and sex hormones]. Nihon Rinsho 2009;67(7):1396-1401. View abstract.

Ganguly, K. and Swarnakar, S. Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -3 in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced acute gastric ulcers in mice: regulation by melatonin. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):43-55. View abstract.

Garcia, J. J., Pinol-Ripoll, G., Martinez-Ballarin, E., Fuentes-Broto, L., Miana-Mena, F. J., Venegas, C., Caballero, B., Escames, G., Coto-Montes, A., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Melatonin reduces membrane rigidity and oxidative damage in the brain of SAMP8 mice. Neurobiol.Aging 2011;32(11):2045-2054. View abstract.

Garrido, M., Paredes, S. D., Cubero, J., Lozano, M., Toribio-Delgado, A. F., Munoz, J. L., Reiter, R. J., Barriga, C., and Rodriguez, A. B. Jerte Valley cherry-enriched diets improve nocturnal rest and increase 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and total antioxidant capacity in the urine of middle-aged and elderly humans. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 2010;65(9):909-914. View abstract.

Gehrman, P. R., Connor, D. J., Martin, J. L., Shochat, T., Corey-Bloom, J., and Ancoli-Israel, S. Melatonin fails to improve sleep or agitation in double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of institutionalized patients with Alzheimer disease. Am.J.Geriatr.Psychiatry 2009;17(2):166-169. View abstract.

Geihs, M. A., Vargas, M. A., Maciel, F. E., Caldas, S. S., Cruz, B. P., Primel, E. G., Monserrat, J. M., and Nery, L. E. Effect of melatonin in the antioxidant defense system in the locomotor muscles of the estuarine crab Neohelice granulata (Decapoda, Brachyura). Gen.Comp Endocrinol. 3-1-2010;166(1):72-82. View abstract.

Gilbert, S. S., van den Heuvel, C. J., and Dawson, D. Daytime melatonin and temazepam in young adult humans: equivalent effects on sleep latency and body temperatures. J Physiol 2-1-1999;514 ( Pt 3):905-914. View abstract.

Gimenez, F., Stornelli, M. C., Tittarelli, C. M., Savignone, C. A., Dorna, I. V., de la Sota, R. L., and Stornelli, M. A. Suppression of estrus in cats with melatonin implants. Theriogenology 9-1-2009;72(4):493-499. View abstract.

Gingerich, S., Wang, X., Lee, P. K., Dhillon, S. S., Chalmers, J. A., Koletar, M. M., and Belsham, D. D. The generation of an array of clonal, immortalized cell models from the rat hypothalamus: analysis of melatonin effects on kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone neurons. Neuroscience 9-15-2009;162(4):1134-1140. View abstract.

Girgert, R., Hanf, V., Emons, G., and Grundker, C. Membrane-bound melatonin receptor MT1 down-regulates estrogen responsive genes in breast cancer cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):23-31. View abstract.

Gitto, E., Aversa, S., Salpietro, C. D., Barberi, I., Arrigo, T., Trimarchi, G., Reiter, R. J., and Pellegrino, S. Pain in neonatal intensive care: role of melatonin as an analgesic antioxidant. J.Pineal Res. 2012;52(3):291-295. View abstract.

Gitto, E., Karbownik, M., Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Cuzzocrea, S., Chiurazzi, P., Cordaro, S., Corona, G., Trimarchi, G., and Barberi, I. Effects of melatonin treatment in septic newborns. Pediatr Res 2001;50(6):756-760. View abstract.

Gitto, E., Reiter, R. J., Cordaro, S. P., La Rosa, M., Chiurazzi, P., Trimarchi, G., Gitto, P., Calabro, M. P., and Barberi, I. Oxidative and inflammatory parameters in respiratory distress syndrome of preterm newborns: beneficial effects of melatonin. Am J Perinatol. 2004;21(4):209-216. View abstract.

Gogenur, I., Kucukakin, B., Bisgaard, T., Kristiansen, V., Hjortso, N. C., Skene, D. J., and Rosenberg, J. The effect of melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth.Analg. 2009;108(4):1152-1156. View abstract.

Gomez-Moreno, G., Guardia, J., Ferrera, M. J., Cutando, A., and Reiter, R. J. Melatonin in diseases of the oral cavity. Oral Dis. 2010;16(3):242-247. View abstract.

Gonciarz, M., Gonciarz, Z., Bielanski, W., Mularczyk, A., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., and Konturek, S. J. The effects of long-term melatonin treatment on plasma liver enzymes levels and plasma concentrations of lipids and melatonin in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. J.Physiol Pharmacol. 2012;63(1):35-40. View abstract.

Gonciarz, M., Gonciarz, Z., Bielanski, W., Mularczyk, A., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., and Konturek, S. J. The pilot study of 3-month course of melatonin treatment of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: effect on plasma levels of liver enzymes, lipids and melatonin. J.Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;61(6):705-710. View abstract.

Gonzalez, A., Martinez-Campa, C., Mediavilla, M. D., Alonso-Gonzalez, C., Alvarez-Garcia, V., Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J., and Cos, S. Inhibitory effects of melatonin on sulfatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and expression in glioma cells. Oncol.Rep. 2010;23(4):1173-1178. View abstract.

Gooneratne, N. S., Edwards, A. Y., Zhou, C., Cuellar, N., Grandner, M. A., and Barrett, J. S. Melatonin pharmacokinetics following two different oral surge-sustained release doses in older adults. J.Pineal Res. 2012;52(4):437-445. View abstract.

Gorfine, T., Assaf, Y., Goshen-Gottstein, Y., Yeshurun, Y., and Zisapel, N. Sleep-anticipating effects of melatonin in the human brain. Neuroimage. 5-15-2006;31(1):410-418. View abstract.

Granzotto, M., Rapozzi, V., Decorti, G., and Giraldi, T. Effects of melatonin on doxorubicin cytotoxicity in sensitive and pleiotropically resistant tumor cells. J Pineal Res 2001;31(3):206-213. View abstract.

Graw, P., Werth, E., Krauchi, K., Gutzwiller, F., Cajochen, C., and Wirz-Justice, A. Early morning melatonin administration impairs psychomotor vigilance. Behav Brain Res 2001;121(1-2):167-172. View abstract.

Grin, W. and Grunberger, W. A significant correlation between melatonin deficiency and endometrial cancer. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1998;45(1):62-65. View abstract.

Grossman, E., Laudon, M., and Zisapel, N. Effect of melatonin on nocturnal blood pressure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Vasc.Health Risk Manag. 2011;7:577-584. View abstract.

Grossman, E., Laudon, M., Yalcin, R., Zengil, H., Peleg, E., Sharabi, Y., Kamari, Y., Shen-Orr, Z., and Zisapel, N. Melatonin reduces night blood pressure in patients with nocturnal hypertension. Am J Med 2006;119(10):898-902. View abstract.

Guardiola-Lemaitre, B. Toxicology of melatonin. J Biol Rhythms 1997;12(6):697-706. View abstract.

Guenole, F., Godbout, R., Nicolas, A., Franco, P., Claustrat, B., and Baleyte, J. M. Melatonin for disordered sleep in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: systematic review and discussion. Sleep Med.Rev. 2011;15(6):379-387. View abstract.

Guizar-Sahagun, G., Rodriguez-Balderas, C. A., Franco-Bourland, R. E., Martinez-Cruz, A., Grijalva, I., Ibarra, A., and Madrazo, I. Lack of neuroprotection with pharmacological pretreatment in a paradigm for anticipated spinal cord lesions. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(2):156-160. View abstract.

Gulcin, I., Buyukokuroglu, M. E., and Kufrevioglu, O. I. Metal chelating and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effects of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2003;34(4):278-281. View abstract.

Gulcin, I., Buyukokuroglu, M. E., Oktay, M., and Kufrevioglu, O. I. On the in vitro antioxidative properties of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2002;33(3):167-171. View abstract.

Guo, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, X., and Duan, Q. Melatonin protects N2a against ischemia/reperfusion injury through autophagy enhancement. J.Huazhong.Univ Sci.Technolog.Med.Sci. 2010;30(1):1-7. View abstract.

Gupta, M., Gupta, Y. K., Agarwal, S., Aneja, S., and Kohli, K. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of melatonin add-on therapy in epileptic children on valproate monotherapy: effect on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2004;58(5):542-547. View abstract.

Gupta, M., Gupta, Y. K., Agarwal, S., Aneja, S., Kalaivani, M., and Kohli, K. Effects of add-on melatonin administration on antioxidant enzymes in children with epilepsy taking carbamazepine monotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Epilepsia 2004;45(12):1636-1639. View abstract.

Gupta, Y. K., Chaudhary, G., and Sinha, K. Enhanced protection by melatonin and meloxicam combination in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model of acute ischemic stroke in rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;80(3):210-217. View abstract.

Hack, L. M., Lockley, S. W., Arendt, J., and Skene, D. J. The effects of low-dose 0.5-mg melatonin on the free-running circadian rhythms of blind subjects. J Biol.Rhythms 2003;18(5):420-429. View abstract.

Hahm, H., Kujawa, J., and Augsburger, L. Comparison of melatonin products against USP's nutritional supplements standards and other criteria. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash.) 1999;39(1):27-31. View abstract.

Hamada, F., Watanabe, K., Wakatsuki, A., Nagai, R., Shinohara, K., Hayashi, Y., Imamura, R., and Fukaya, T. Therapeutic effects of maternal melatonin administration on ischemia/reperfusion-induced oxidative cerebral damage in neonatal rats. Neonatology. 2010;98(1):33-40. View abstract.

Hancock, E., O'Callaghan, F., and Osborne, J. P. Effect of melatonin dosage on sleep disorder in tuberous sclerosis complex. J.Child Neurol. 2005;20(1):78-80. View abstract.

Hancock, E., O'Callaghan, F., English, J., and Osborne, J. P. Melatonin excretion in normal children and in tuberous sclerosis complex with sleep disorder responsive to melatonin. J Child Neurol. 2005;20(1):21-25. View abstract.

Hanssen, T., Heyden, T., Sundberg, I., and Wetterberg, L. Effect of propranolol on serum-melatonin. Lancet 8-6-1977;2(8032):309-310. View abstract.

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Harma, M., Laitinen, J., Partinen, M., and Suvanto, S. The effect of four-day round trip flights over 10 time zones on the circadian variation of salivary melatonin and cortisol in airline flight attendants. Ergonomics 1994;37(9):1479-1489. View abstract.

Harris, A. S., Burgess, H. J., and Dawson, D. The effects of day-time exogenous melatonin administration on cardiac autonomic activity. J Pineal Res 2001;31(3):199-205. View abstract.

Hartter, S., Nordmark, A., Rose, D. M., Bertilsson, L., Tybring, G., and Laine, K. Effects of caffeine intake on the pharmacokinetics of melatonin, a probe drug for CYP1A2 activity. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2003;56(6):679-682. View abstract.

Hartter, S., Wang, X., Weigmann, H., Friedberg, T., Arand, M., Oesch, F., and Hiemke, C. Differential effects of fluvoxamine and other antidepressants on the biotransformation of melatonin. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;21(2):167-174. View abstract.

Hatonen, T., Alila, A., and Laakso, M. L. Exogenous melatonin fails to counteract the light-induced phase delay of human melatonin rhythm. Brain Res 2-26-1996;710(1-2):125-130. View abstract.

Hill, S. M., Frasch, T., Xiang, S., Yuan, L., Duplessis, T., and Mao, L. Molecular mechanisms of melatonin anticancer effects. Integr.Cancer Ther. 2009;8(4):337-346. View abstract.

Holliman, B. J. and Chyka, P. A. Problems in assessment of acute melatonin overdose. South.Med J 1997;90(4):451-453. View abstract.

Hong, Y. G. and Riegler, J. L. Is melatonin associated with the development of autoimmune hepatitis? J Clin Gastroenterol 1997;25(1):376-378. View abstract.

Honma, K., Kohsaka, M., Fukuda, N., Morita, N., and Honma, S. Effects of vitamin B12 on plasma melatonin rhythm in humans: increased light sensitivity phase-advances the circadian clock? Experientia 8-15-1992;48(8):716-720. View abstract.

Hoppe, J. B., Frozza, R. L., Horn, A. P., Comiran, R. A., Bernardi, A., Campos, M. M., Battastini, A. M., and Salbego, C. Amyloid-beta neurotoxicity in organotypic culture is attenuated by melatonin: involvement of GSK-3beta, tau and neuroinflammation. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(3):230-238. View abstract.

Huang, J. Y., Hong, Y. T., and Chuang, J. I. Fibroblast growth factor 9 prevents MPP+-induced death of dopaminergic neurons and is involved in melatonin neuroprotection in vivo and in vitro. J.Neurochem. 2009;109(5):1400-1412. View abstract.

Huang, L. T., Tiao, M. M., Tain, Y. L., Chen, C. C., and Hsieh, C. S. Melatonin ameliorates bile duct ligation-induced systemic oxidative stress and spatial memory deficits in developing rats. Pediatr.Res. 2009;65(2):176-180. View abstract.

Huang, S. H., Cao, X. J., Liu, W., Shi, X. Y., and Wei, W. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on lung oxidative stress induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):109-116. View abstract.

Hurtuk, A., Dome, C., Holloman, C. H., Wolfe, K., Welling, D. B., Dodson, E. E., and Jacob, A. Melatonin: can it stop the ringing? Ann.Otol.Rhinol.Laryngol. 2011;120(7):433-440. View abstract.

Hussain, S. A., Al-Khalifa, I. I., Jasim, N. A., and Gorial, F. I. Adjuvant use of melatonin for treatment of fibromyalgia. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(3):267-271. View abstract.

Huston, B., Mills, K., Froloff, V., and McGee, M. Bladder rupture after intentional medication overdose. Am.J.Forensic Med.Pathol. 2012;33(2):184-185. View abstract.

Ibrahim, M. G., Bellomo, R., Hart, G. K., Norman, T. R., Goldsmith, D., Bates, S., and Egi, M. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomised pilot study of nocturnal melatonin in tracheostomised patients. Crit Care Resusc. 2006;8(3):187-191. View abstract.

Ismail, S. A. and Mowafi, H. A. Melatonin provides anxiolysis, enhances analgesia, decreases intraocular pressure, and promotes better operating conditions during cataract surgery under topical anesthesia. Anesth.Analg. 2009;108(4):1146-1151. View abstract.

Iuvone, P. M., Brown, A. D., Haque, R., Weller, J., Zawilska, J. B., Chaurasia, S. S., Ma, M., and Klein, D. C. Retinal melatonin production: role of proteasomal proteolysis in circadian and photic control of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2002;43(2):564-572. View abstract.

Izykowska, I., Cegielski, M., Gebarowska, E., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Piotrowska, A., Zabel, M., and Dziegiel, P. Effect of melatonin on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts subjected to UVA and UVB radiation In vitro. In Vivo 2009;23(5):739-745. View abstract.

Izykowska, I., Gebarowska, E., Cegielski, M., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Piotrowska, A., Zabel, M., and Dziegiel, P. Effect of melatonin on melanoma cells subjected to UVA and UVB radiation in In vitro studies. In Vivo 2009;23(5):733-738. View abstract.

Jagota, A. and Kalyani, D. Effect of melatonin on age induced changes in daily serotonin rhythms in suprachiasmatic nucleus of male Wistar rat. Biogerontology. 2010;11(3):299-308. View abstract.

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Jan, J. E., Hamilton, D., Seward, N., Fast, D. K., Freeman, R. D., and Laudon, M. Clinical trials of controlled-release melatonin in children with sleep- wake cycle disorders. J Pineal Res 2000;29(1):34-39. View abstract.

Jang, S. S., Kim, W. D., and Park, W. Y. Melatonin exerts differential actions on X-ray radiation-induced apoptosis in normal mice splenocytes and Jurkat leukemia cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):147-155. View abstract.

Jansen, S. L., Forbes, D. A., Duncan, V., and Morgan, D. G. Melatonin for cognitive impairment. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2006;(1):CD003802. View abstract.

Jaworek, J. Ghrelin and melatonin in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion and maintaining of integrity. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006;57 Suppl 5:83-96. View abstract.

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Jean-Louis, G., von Gizycki, H., and Zizi, F. Melatonin effects on sleep, mood, and cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. J Pineal Res 1998;25(3):177-183. View abstract.

Johnson, K., Page, A., Williams, H., Wassemer, E., and Whitehouse, W. The use of melatonin as an alternative to sedation in uncooperative children undergoing an MRI examination. Clin Radiol. 2002;57(6):502-506. View abstract.

Jonage-Canonico, M. B., Lenoir, V., Martin, A., Scholler, R., and Kerdelhue, B. Long term inhibition by Estradiol or Progesterone of Melatonin secretion after administration of a mammary carcinogen, the dimethyl benz(a)anthracene, in Sprague-Dawley female rat; inhibitory effect of Melatonin on mammary carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003;79(3):365-377. View abstract.

Joo, S. S. and Yoo, Y. M. Melatonin induces apoptotic death in LNCaP cells via p38 and JNK pathways: therapeutic implications for prostate cancer. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):8-14. View abstract.

Jung, K. H., Hong, S. W., Zheng, H. M., Lee, D. H., and Hong, S. S. Melatonin downregulates nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 and nuclear factor-kappaB during prevention of oxidative liver injury in a dimethylnitrosamine model. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(2):173-183. View abstract.

Jung-Hynes, B. and Ahmad, N. SIRT1 controls circadian clock circuitry and promotes cell survival: a connection with age-related neoplasms. FASEB J. 2009;23(9):2803-2809. View abstract.

Juszczak, M. and Boczek-Leszczyk, E. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activation stimulates oxytocin release from the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system while melatonin inhibits this process. Brain Res.Bull. 1-15-2010;81(1):185-190. View abstract.

Kain, Z. N., MacLaren, J. E., Herrmann, L., Mayes, L., Rosenbaum, A., Hata, J., and Lerman, J. Preoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anesthesia and surgery. Anesthesiology 2009;111(1):44-49. View abstract.

Kaji, H., Inukai, Y., Maiguma, T., Ono, H., Teshima, D., Hiramoto, K., and Makino, K. Radical scavenging activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids and traditional prophylactics against chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. J.Clin.Pharm.Ther. 2009;34(2):197-205. View abstract.

Kandil, T. S., Mousa, A. A., El-Gendy, A. A., and Abbas, A. M. The potential therapeutic effect of melatonin in Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease. BMC.Gastroenterol. 2010;10:7. View abstract.

Kang, J. T., Koo, O. J., Kwon, D. K., Park, H. J., Jang, G., Kang, S. K., and Lee, B. C. Effects of melatonin on in vitro maturation of porcine oocyte and expression of melatonin receptor RNA in cumulus and granulosa cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):22-28. View abstract.

Kaptanoglu, E., Palaoglu, S., Demirpence, E., Akbiyik, F., Solaroglu, I., and Kilinc, A. Different responsiveness of central nervous system tissues to oxidative conditions and to the antioxidant effect of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2003;34(1):32-35. View abstract.

Karasek, M., Gruszka, A., Lawnicka, H., Kunert-Radek, J., and Pawlikowski, M. Melatonin inhibits growth of diethylstilbestrol-induced prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor in vitro: possible involvement of nuclear RZR/ROR receptors. J Pineal Res 2003;34(4):294-296. View abstract.

Karasek, M., Kowalski, A. J., and Zylinska, K. Serum melatonin circadian profile in women suffering from the genital tract cancers. Neuroendocrinol.Lett 2000;21(2):109-113. View abstract.

Kasimay, O., Cakir, B., Devseren, E., and Yegen, B. C. Exogenous melatonin delays gastric emptying rate in rats: role of CCK2 and 5-HT3 receptors. J Physiol Pharmacol 2005;56(4):543-553. View abstract.

Kaur, C., Sivakumar, V., and Ling, E. A. Melatonin protects periventricular white matter from damage due to hypoxia. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(3):185-193. View abstract.

Kemp, S., Biswas, R., Neumann, V., and Coughlan, A. The value of melatonin for sleep disorders occurring post-head injury: a pilot RCT. Brain Inj. 2004;18(9):911-919. View abstract.

Kesik, V., Guven, A., Vurucu, S., Tunc, T., Uysal, B., Gundogdu, G., Oztas, E., and Korkmaz, A. Melatonin and 1400 W ameliorate both intestinal and remote organ injury following mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. J.Surg.Res. 2009;157(1):e97-e105. View abstract.

Kim, B. C., Shon, B. S., Ryoo, Y. W., Kim, S. P., and Lee, K. S. Melatonin reduces X-ray irradiation-induced oxidative damages in cultured human skin fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2001;26(3):194-200. View abstract.

Kim, T. H., Jung, J. A., Kim, G. D., Jang, A. H., Ahn, H. J., Park, Y. S., and Park, C. S. Melatonin inhibits the development of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(4):324-329. View abstract.

Kitajima, T., Kanbayashi, T., Saitoh, Y., Ogawa, Y., Sugiyama, T., Kaneko, Y., Sasaki, Y., Aizawa, R., and Shimisu, T. The effects of oral melatonin on the autonomic function in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;55(3):299-300. View abstract.

Klupinska, G., Poplawski, T., Drzewoski, J., Harasiuk, A., Reiter, R. J., Blasiak, J., and Chojnacki, J. Therapeutic effect of melatonin in patients with functional dyspepsia. J.Clin.Gastroenterol. 2007;41(3):270-274. View abstract.

Koc, M., Buyukokuroglu, M. E., and Taysi, S. The effect of melatonin on peripheral blood cells during total body irradiation in rats. Biol.Pharm Bull. 2002;25(5):656-657. View abstract.

Koc, M., Taysi, S., Emin, Buyukokuroglu M., and Bakan, N. The effect of melatonin against oxidative damage during total-body irradiation in rats. Radiat.Res 2003;160(2):251-255. View abstract.

Konturek, S. J., Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., and Bubenik, G. A. Role of melatonin in upper gastrointestinal tract. J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;58 Suppl 6:23-52. View abstract.

Korkmaz, A., Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J., Tan, D. X., and Reiter, R. J. Role of melatonin in the epigenetic regulation of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res.Treat. 2009;115(1):13-27. View abstract.

Korkmaz, A., Tamura, H., Manchester, L. C., Ogden, G. B., Tan, D. X., and Reiter, R. J. Combination of melatonin and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist induces apoptosis in a breast cancer cell line. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):115-116. View abstract.

Kostoglou-Athanassiou, I., Treacher, D. F., Wheeler, M. J., and Forsling, M. L. Melatonin administration and pituitary hormone secretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1998;48(1):31-37. View abstract.

Kotlarczyk, M. P., Lassila, H. C., O'Neil, C. K., D'Amico, F., Enderby, L. T., Witt-Enderby, P. A., and Balk, J. L. Melatonin osteoporosis prevention study (MOPS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examining the effects of melatonin on bone health and quality of life in perimenopausal women. J.Pineal Res. 2012;52(4):414-426. View abstract.

Koyama, H., Nakade, O., Takada, Y., Kaku, T., and Lau, K. H. Melatonin at pharmacologic doses increases bone mass by suppressing resorption through down-regulation of the RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation and activation. J Bone Miner.Res 2002;17(7):1219-1229. View abstract.

Kozirog, M., Poliwczak, A. R., Duchnowicz, P., Koter-Michalak, M., Sikora, J., and Broncel, M. Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(3):261-266. View abstract.

Krauchi, K., Cajochen, C., Mori, D., Graw, P., and Wirz-Justice, A. Early evening melatonin and S-20098 advance circadian phase and nocturnal regulation of core body temperature. Am J Physiol 1997;272(4 Pt 2):R1178-R1188. View abstract.

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Kucukakin, B., Klein, M., Lykkesfeldt, J., Reiter, R. J., Rosenberg, J., and Gogenur, I. No effect of melatonin on oxidative stress after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol.Scand. 2010;54(9):1121-1127. View abstract.

Kucukakin, B., Wilhelmsen, M., Lykkesfeldt, J., Reiter, R. J., Rosenberg, J., and Gogenur, I. No effect of melatonin to modify surgical-stress response after major vascular surgery: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eur.J.Vasc.Endovasc.Surg. 2010;40(4):461-467. View abstract.

Kuehn, C. C., Rodrigues Oliveira, L. G., Santos, C. D., Ferreira, D. S., Alonso Toldo, M. P., de, Albuquerque S., and do Prado, J. C. J. Melatonin and dehydroepiandrosterone combination: does this treatment exert a synergistic effect during experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection? J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(3):253-259. View abstract.

Kumar, A. and Singh, A. Possible involvement of GABAergic mechanism in protective effect of melatonin against sleep deprivation-induced behaviour modification and oxidative damage in mice. Fundam.Clin.Pharmacol. 2009;23(4):439-448. View abstract.

Kunz, D. and Mahlberg, R. A two-part, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of exogenous melatonin in REM sleep behaviour disorder. J.Sleep Res. 2010;19(4):591-596. View abstract.

Kunz, D., Mahlberg, R., Muller, C., Tilmann, A., and Bes, F. Melatonin in patients with reduced REM sleep duration: two randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89(1):128-134. View abstract.

Kurcer, Z., Hekimoglu, A., Aral, F., Baba, F., and Sahna, E. Effect of melatonin on epididymal sperm quality after testicular ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Fertil.Steril. 3-15-2010;93(5):1545-1549. View abstract.

L'Hermite-Baleriaux, M. and de Launoit, Y. Is melatonin really an in vitro inhibitor of human breast cancer cell proliferation? In Vitro Cell Dev.Biol 1992;28A(9-10):583-584. View abstract.

Laakso, M. L., Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Alila, A., Stenberg, D., and Johansson, G. Correlation between salivary and serum melatonin: dependence on serum melatonin levels. J Pineal Res 1990;9(1):39-50. View abstract.

Lahiri, S., Singh, P., Singh, S., Rasheed, N., Palit, G., and Pant, K. K. Melatonin protects against experimental reflux esophagitis. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):207-213. View abstract.

Lamberg, L. Melatonin potentially useful but safety, efficacy remain uncertain. JAMA 10-2-1996;276(13):1011-1014. View abstract.

Lane, E. A. and Moss, H. B. Pharmacokinetics of melatonin in man: first pass hepatic metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;61(6):1214-1216. View abstract.

Laughlin, G. A., Loucks, A. B., and Yen, S. S. Marked augmentation of nocturnal melatonin secretion in amenorrheic athletes, but not in cycling athletes: unaltered by opioidergic or dopaminergic blockade. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73(6):1321-1326. View abstract.

Lee, B. J., Parrott, K. A., Ayres, J. W., and Sack, R. L. Preliminary evaluation of transdermal delivery of melatonin in human subjects. Res Commun Mol Pathol.Pharmacol 1994;85(3):337-346. View abstract.

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Lee, Y. M., Chen, H. R., Hsiao, G., Sheu, J. R., Wang, J. J., and Yen, M. H. Protective effects of melatonin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. J Pineal Res 2002;33(2):72-80. View abstract.

Leger, D., Laudon, M., and Zisapel, N. Nocturnal 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in insomnia and its relation to the response to melatonin replacement therapy. Am J Med 1-15-2004;116(2):91-95. View abstract.

Leppamaki, S., Partonen, T., Vakkuri, O., Lonnqvist, J., Partinen, M., and Laudon, M. Effect of controlled-release melatonin on sleep quality, mood, and quality of life in subjects with seasonal or weather-associated changes in mood and behaviour. Eur.Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;13(3):137-145. View abstract.

Lewinski, A. and Karbownik, M. REVIEW. Melatonin and the thyroid gland. Neuroendocrinol.Lett 2002;23 Suppl 1:73-78. View abstract.

Lewy, A. J. and Newsome, D. A. Different types of melatonin circadian secretory rhythms in some blind subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;56(6):1103-1107. View abstract.

Lewy, A. J. and Sack, R. L. Exogenous melatonin's phase-shifting effects on the endogenous melatonin profile in sighted humans: a brief review and critique of the literature. J Biol Rhythms 1997;12(6):588-594. View abstract.

Lewy, A. J., Emens, J. S., Sack, R. L., Hasler, B. P., and Bernert, R. A. Low, but not high, doses of melatonin entrained a free-running blind person with a long circadian period. Chronobiol.Int 2002;19(3):649-658. View abstract.

Lewy, A. J., Wehr, T. A., Goodwin, F. K., Newsome, D. A., and Markey, S. P. Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 12-12-1980;210(4475):1267-1269. View abstract.

Li, H. L., Kang, Y. M., Yu, L., Xu, H. Y., and Zhao, H. Melatonin reduces blood pressure in rats with stress-induced hypertension via GABAA receptors. Clin.Exp.Pharmacol.Physiol 2009;36(4):436-440. View abstract.

Li, X. J., Zhang, L. M., Gu, J., Zhang, A. Z., and Sun, F. Y. Melatonin decreases production of hydroxyl radical during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue.Bao. 1997;18(5):394-396. View abstract.

Li, Z., Nickkholgh, A., Yi, X., Bruns, H., Gross, M. L., Hoffmann, K., Mohr, E., Zorn, M., Buchler, M. W., and Schemmer, P. Melatonin protects kidney grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibition of NF-kB and apoptosis after experimental kidney transplantation. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):365-372. View abstract.

Liang, R., Nickkholgh, A., Hoffmann, K., Kern, M., Schneider, H., Sobirey, M., Zorn, M., Buchler, M. W., and Schemmer, P. Melatonin protects from hepatic reperfusion injury through inhibition of IKK and JNK pathways and modification of cell proliferation. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):8-14. View abstract.

Lieberman, H. R. Behavior, sleep and melatonin. J Neural Transm.Suppl 1986;21:233-241. View abstract.

Lieberman, H. R., Waldhauser, F., Garfield, G., Lynch, H. J., and Wurtman, R. J. Effects of melatonin on human mood and performance. Brain Res 12-10-1984;323(2):201-207. View abstract.

Lin, G. J., Huang, S. H., Chen, Y. W., Hueng, D. Y., Chien, M. W., Chia, W. T., Chang, D. M., and Sytwu, H. K. Melatonin prolongs islet graft survival in diabetic NOD mice. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(3):284-292. View abstract.

Lissoni, P., Ardizzoia, A., Tisi, E., Rossini, F., Barni, S., Tancini, G., Conti, A., and Maestroni, G. J. Amplification of eosinophilia by melatonin during the immunotherapy of cancer with interleukin-2. J Biol Regul.Homeost.Agents 1993;7(1):34-36. View abstract.

Lissoni, P., Barni, S., Ardizzoia, A., Brivio, F., Tancini, G., Conti, A., and Maestroni, G. J. Immunological effects of a single evening subcutaneous injection of low- dose interleukin-2 in association with the pineal hormone melatonin in advanced cancer patients. J Biol Regul Homeost.Agents 1992;6(4):132-136. View abstract.

Lissoni, P., Barni, S., Brivio, F., Rossini, F., Fumagalli, L., and Tancini, G. Treatment of cancer-related thrombocytopenia by low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 plus the pineal hormone melatonin: a biological phase II study. J Biol Regul.Homeost.Agents 1995;9(2):52-54. View abstract.

Lissoni, P., Meregalli, S., Nosetto, L., Barni, S., Tancini, G., Fossati, V., and Maestroni, G. Increased survival time in brain glioblastomas by a radioneuroendocrine strategy with radiotherapy plus melatonin compared to radiotherapy alone. Oncology 1996;53(1):43-46. View abstract.

Lissoni, P., Vigore, L., Rescaldani, R., Rovelli, F., Brivio, F., Giani, L., Barni, S., Tancini, G., Ardizzoia, A., and Vigano, M. G. Neuroimmunotherapy with low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 plus melatonin in AIDS patients with CD4 cell number below 200/mm3: a biological phase-II study. J Biol Regul.Homeost.Agents 1995;9(4):155-158. View abstract.

Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Xie, Y., and Zhao, W. Melatonin modulates acute testicular damage induced by carbon ions in mice. Pharmazie 2009;64(10):685-689. View abstract.

Lockley, S., Tabandeh, H., Skene, D., Buttery, R., Bird, A., Defrace, R., and Arendt, J. Day-time naps and melatonin in blind people. Lancet 12-2-1995;346(8988):1491. View abstract.

Lopez-Burillo, S., Tan, D. X., Mayo, J. C., Sainz, R. M., Manchester, L. C., and Reiter, R. J. Melatonin, xanthurenic acid, resveratrol, EGCG, vitamin C and alpha-lipoic acid differentially reduce oxidative DNA damage induced by Fenton reagents: a study of their individual and synergistic actions. J Pineal Res 2003;34(4):269-277. View abstract.

Lopez-Gonzalez, M. A., Santiago, A. M., and Esteban-Ortega, F. Sulpiride and melatonin decrease tinnitus perception modulating the auditolimbic dopaminergic pathway. J Otolaryngol. 2007;36(4):213-219. View abstract.

Lu, W. Z., Gwee, K. A., Moochhalla, S., and Ho, K. Y. Melatonin improves bowel symptoms in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment.Pharmacol Ther 11-15-2005;22(10):927-934. View abstract.

Lu, W. Z., Song, G. H., Gwee, K. A., and Ho, K. Y. The effects of melatonin on colonic transit time in normal controls and IBS patients. Dig.Dis.Sci. 2009;54(5):1087-1093. View abstract.

Luboshitzky, R., Levi, M., Shen-Orr, Z., Blumenfeld, Z., Herer, P., and Lavie, P. Long-term melatonin administration does not alter pituitary-gonadal hormone secretion in normal men. Hum Reprod. 2000;15(1):60-65. View abstract.

Luboshitzky, R., Shen-Orr, Z., Nave, R., Lavi, S., and Lavie, P. Melatonin administration alters semen quality in healthy men. J Androl 2002;23(4):572-578. View abstract.

Luboshitzky, R., Shen-Orr, Z., Shochat, T., Herer, P., and Lavie, P. Melatonin administered in the afternoon decreases next-day luteinizing hormone levels in men: lack of antagonism by flumazenil. J Mol.Neurosci. 1999;12(1):75-80. View abstract.

Luchetti, F., Betti, M., Canonico, B., Arcangeletti, M., Ferri, P., Galli, F., and Papa, S. ERK MAPK activation mediates the antiapoptotic signaling of melatonin in UVB-stressed U937 cells. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 2-1-2009;46(3):339-351. View abstract.

MacFarlane, J. G., Cleghorn, J. M., Brown, G. M., and Streiner, D. L. The effects of exogenous melatonin on the total sleep time and daytime alertness of chronic insomniacs: a preliminary study. Biol.Psychiatry 8-15-1991;30(4):371-376. View abstract.

Maciel, F. E., Ramos, B. P., Geihs, M. A., Vargas, M. A., Cruz, B. P., Meyer-Rochow, V. B., Vakkuri, O., Allodi, S., Monserrat, J. M., and Nery, L. E. Effects of melatonin in connection with the antioxidant defense system in the gills of the estuarine crab Neohelice granulata. Gen.Comp Endocrinol. 1-15-2010;165(2):229-236. View abstract.

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Magnanou, E., Attia, J., Fons, R., Boeuf, G., and Falcon, J. The timing of the shrew: continuous melatonin treatment maintains youthful rhythmic activity in aging Crocidura russula. PLoS.One. 2009;4(6):e5904. View abstract.

Maity, P., Bindu, S., Dey, S., Goyal, M., Alam, A., Pal, C., Reiter, R., and Bandyopadhyay, U. Melatonin reduces indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal cell apoptosis by preventing mitochondrial oxidative stress and the activation of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(3):314-323. View abstract.

Makay, B., Makay, O., Yenisey, C., Icoz, G., Ozgen, G., Unsal, E., Akyildiz, M., and Yetkin, E. The interaction of oxidative stress response with cytokines in the thyrotoxic rat: is there a link? Mediators.Inflamm. 2009;2009:391682. View abstract.

Maldonado, M. D., Manfredi, M., Ribas-Serna, J., Garcia-Moreno, H., and Calvo, J. R. Melatonin administrated immediately before an intense exercise reverses oxidative stress, improves immunological defenses and lipid metabolism in football players. Physiol Behav. 3-20-2012;105(5):1099-1103. View abstract.

Maldonado, M. D., Mora-Santos, M., Naji, L., Carrascosa-Salmoral, M. P., Naranjo, M. C., and Calvo, J. R. Evidence of melatonin synthesis and release by mast cells. Possible modulatory role on inflammation. Pharmacol.Res. 2010;62(3):282-287. View abstract.

Malekinejad, H., Farshid, A. A., and Mirzakhani, N. Liquorice plant extract reduces ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Exp.Toxicol.Pathol. 2011;63(1-2):125-130. View abstract.

Manda, K., Ueno, M., and Anzai, K. Cranial irradiation-induced inhibition of neurogenesis in hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult mice: attenuation by melatonin pretreatment. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):71-78. View abstract.

Manev, H. and Uz, T. Oral melatonin in neurologically disabled children. Lancet 6-27-1998;351(9120):1963. View abstract.

Manjunatha, B. M., Devaraj, M., Gupta, P. S., Ravindra, J. P., and Nandi, S. Effect of taurine and melatonin in the culture medium on buffalo in vitro embryo development. Reprod.Domest.Anim 2009;44(1):12-16. View abstract.

Mantele, S., Otway, D. T., Middleton, B., Bretschneider, S., Wright, J., Robertson, M. D., Skene, D. J., and Johnston, J. D. Daily rhythms of plasma melatonin, but not plasma leptin or leptin mRNA, vary between lean, obese and type 2 diabetic men. PLoS.One. 2012;7(5):e37123. View abstract.

Marelli, M. M., Limonta, P., Maggi, R., Motta, M., and Moretti, R. M. Growth-inhibitory activity of melatonin on human androgen-independent DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Prostate 11-1-2000;45(3):238-244. View abstract.

Martin, V., Garcia-Santos, G., Rodriguez-Blanco, J., Casado-Zapico, S., Sanchez-Sanchez, A., Antolin, I., Medina, M., and Rodriguez, C. Melatonin sensitizes human malignant glioma cells against TRAIL-induced cell death. Cancer Lett. 1-28-2010;287(2):216-223. View abstract.

Martinez-Campa, C., Gonzalez, A., Mediavilla, M. D., Alonso-Gonzalez, C., Alvarez-Garcia, V., Sanchez-Barcelo, E. J., and Cos, S. Melatonin inhibits aromatase promoter expression by regulating cyclooxygenases expression and activity in breast cancer cells. Br.J.Cancer 11-3-2009;101(9):1613-1619. View abstract.

Mayo, J. C., Sainz, R. M., Uria, H., Antolin, I., Esteban, M. M., and Rodriguez. Inhibition of cell proliferation: a mechanism likely to mediate the prevention of neuronal cell death by melatonin. J Pineal Res 1998;25(1):12-18. View abstract.

Mayo, J. C., Tan, D. X., Sainz, R. M., Lopez-Burillo, S., and Reiter, R. J. Oxidative damage to catalase induced by peroxyl radicals: functional protection by melatonin and other antioxidants. Free Radic.Res 2003;37(5):543-553. View abstract.

Mayo, J. C., Tan, D. X., Sainz, R. M., Natarajan, M., Lopez-Burillo, S., and Reiter, R. J. Protection against oxidative protein damage induced by metal-catalyzed reaction or alkylperoxyl radicals: comparative effects of melatonin and other antioxidants. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 3-17-2003;1620(1-3):139-150. View abstract.

Mazzoccoli, G., Giuliani, A., Carughi, S., De Cata, A., Puzzolante, F., La Viola, M., Urbano, N., Perfetto, F., and Tarquini, R. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and melatonin in humans: possible interactions in the control of body temperature. Neuro.Endocrinol.Lett. 2004;25(5):368-372. View abstract.

McIntyre, I. M., Norman, T. R., Burrows, G. D., and Armstrong, S. M. Alterations to plasma melatonin and cortisol after evening alprazolam administration in humans. Chronobiol Int 1993;10(3):205-213. View abstract.

Merks, B. T., Burger, H., Willemsen, J., van Gool, J. D., and de Jong, T. P. Melatonin treatment in children with therapy-resistant monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J.Pediatr.Urol. 2012;8(4):416-420. View abstract.

Mero, A. A., Vahalummukka, M., Hulmi, J. J., Kallio, P., and von Wright, A. Effects of resistance exercise session after oral ingestion of melatonin on physiological and performance responses of adult men. Eur.J Appl.Physiol 2006;96(6):729-739. View abstract.

Middleton, B. A., Stone, B. M., and Arendt, J. Melatonin and fragmented sleep patterns. Lancet 8-24-1996;348(9026):551-552. View abstract.

Millan-Plano, S., Piedrafita, E., Miana-Mena, F. J., Fuentes-Broto, L., Martinez-Ballarin, E., Lopez-Pingarron, L., Saenz, M. A., and Garcia, J. J. Melatonin and structurally-related compounds protect synaptosomal membranes from free radical damage. Int J Mol.Sci 2010;11(1):312-328. View abstract.

Mills, E., Wu, P., Seely, D., and Guyatt, G. Melatonin in the treatment of cancer: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. J Pineal Res 2005;39(4):360-366. View abstract.

Mishima, K., Tozawa, T., Satoh, K., Matsumoto, Y., Hishikawa, Y., and Okawa, M. Melatonin secretion rhythm disorders in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type with disturbed sleep-waking. Biol Psychiatry 2-15-1999;45(4):417-421. View abstract.

Mogulkoc, R. and Baltaci, A. K. Effect of melatonin supplementation on plasma vasopressin response to different conditions in rats with hyperthyroidism induced by L-thyroxine. Regul.Pept. 4-9-2010;161(1-3):38-42. View abstract.

Mohanan, P. V. and Yamamoto, H. A. Preventive effect of melatonin against brain mitochondria DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and seizures induced by kainic acid. Toxicol.Lett. 3-24-2002;129(1-2):99-105. View abstract.

Molis, T. M., Spriggs, L. L., Jupiter, Y., and Hill, S. M. Melatonin modulation of estrogen-regulated proteins, growth factors, and proto-oncogenes in human breast cancer. J Pineal Res 1995;18(2):93-103. View abstract.

Montilla-Lopez, P., Munoz-Agueda, M. C., Feijoo, Lopez M., Munoz-Castaneda, J. R., Bujalance-Arenas, I., and Tunez-Finana, I. Comparison of melatonin versus vitamin C on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in Alzheimer's disease induced by okadaic acid in neuroblastoma cells. Eur.J Pharmacol. 9-20-2002;451(3):237-243. View abstract.

Mrowicka, M., Garncarek, P., Miller, E., Kedziora, J., Smigielski, J., Malinowska, K., and Mrowicki, J. [Effect of melatonin on activity of superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) in erythrocytes of patients during short- and long-term hypokinesis]. Wiad.Lek. 2010;63(1):3-9. View abstract.

Munoz-Hoyos, A., Hubber, E., Escames, G., Molina-Carballo, A., Macias, M., Valenzuela-Ruiz, A., Fernandez-Garcia, J. M., and Acuna-Castroviejo, D. Effect of propranolol plus exercise on melatonin and growth hormone levels in children with growth delay. J Pineal Res 2001;30(2):75-81. View abstract.

Murawska-Cialowicz, E., Jethon, Z., Magdalan, J., Januszewska, L., Podhorska-Okolow, M., Zawadzki, M., Sozanski, T., and Dziegiel, P. Effects of melatonin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities in the liver, kidneys and brain of rats administered with benzo(a)pyrene. Exp.Toxicol.Pathol. 2011;63(1-2):97-103. View abstract.

Nagtegaal, J. E., Kerkhof, G. A., Smits, M. G., Swart, A. C., and Van Der Meer, Y. G. Delayed sleep phase syndrome: A placebo-controlled cross-over study on the effects of melatonin administered five hours before the individual dim light melatonin onset. J Sleep Res 1998;7(2):135-143. View abstract.

Naguib, M., Samarkandi, A. H., Moniem, M. A., Mansour, Eel, Alshaer, A. A., Al Ayyaf, H. A., Fadin, A., and Alharby, S. W. The effects of melatonin premedication on propofol and thiopental induction dose-response curves: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Anesth.Analg. 2006;103(6):1448-1452. View abstract.

Nah, S. S., Won, H. J., Park, H. J., Ha, E., Chung, J. H., Cho, H. Y., and Baik, H. H. Melatonin inhibits human fibroblast-like synoviocyte proliferation via extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase/P21(CIP1)/P27(KIP1) pathways. J.Pineal Res. 2009;47(1):70-74. View abstract.

Nakagawa, H., Sack, R. L., and Lewy, A. J. Sleep propensity free-runs with the temperature, melatonin and cortisol rhythms in a totally blind person. Sleep 1992;15(4):330-336. View abstract.

Nave, R., Herer, P., Haimov, I., Shlitner, A., and Lavie, P. Hypnotic and hypothermic effects of melatonin on daytime sleep in humans: lack of antagonism by flumazenil. Neurosci.Lett 8-23-1996;214(2-3):123-126. View abstract.

Neri, G., Baffa, C., De, Stefano A., Poliandri, A., Kulamarva, G., Di, Giovanni P., Petrucci, A. G., Castriotta, A., Citraro, L., Cerrone, D., D' Orazio, F., and Croce, A. Management of tinnitus: oral treatment with melatonin and sulodexide. J.Biol.Regul.Homeost.Agents 2009;23(2):103-110. View abstract.

Nickelsen, T., Demisch, L., Demisch, K., Radermacher, B., and Schoffling, K. Influence of subchronic intake of melatonin at various times of the day on fatigue and hormonal levels: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Pineal Res 1989;6(4):325-334. View abstract.

Nickkholgh, A., Schneider, H., Sobirey, M., Venetz, W. P., Hinz, U., Pelzl, le H., Gotthardt, D. N., Cekauskas, A., Manikas, M., Mikalauskas, S., Mikalauskene, L., Bruns, H., Zorn, M., Weigand, M. A., Buchler, M. W., and Schemmer, P. The use of high-dose melatonin in liver resection is safe: first clinical experience. J.Pineal Res. 2011;50(4):381-388. View abstract.

Ninomiya, T., Iwatani, N., Tomoda, A., and Miike, T. Effects of exogenous melatonin on pituitary hormones in humans. Clin Physiol 2001;21(3):292-299. View abstract.

Nishimura, J., Saegusa, Y., Dewa, Y., Jin, M., Kawai, M., Kemmochi, S., Harada, T., Hayashi, S. M., Shibutani, M., and Mitsumori, K. Antioxidant enzymatically modified isoquercitrin or melatonin supplementation reduces oxidative stress-mediated hepatocellular tumor promotion of oxfendazole in rats. Arch.Toxicol. 2010;84(2):143-153. View abstract.

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Norman, T. R., Piccolo, J., Voudouris, N., and Burrows, G. D. The effect of single oral doses of zopiclone on nocturnal melatonin secretion in healthy male volunteers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol Psychiatry 2001;25(4):825-833. View abstract.

Nowak, R., McMillen, I. C., Redman, J., and Short, R. V. The correlation between serum and salivary melatonin concentrations and urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate excretion rates: two non-invasive techniques for monitoring human circadian rhythmicity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987;27(4):445-452. View abstract.

Ochoa, J. J., Diaz-Castro, J., Kajarabille, N., Garcia, C., Guisado, I. M., De, Teresa C., and Guisado, R. Melatonin supplementation ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling induced by strenuous exercise in adult human males. J.Pineal Res. 2011;51(4):373-380. View abstract.

Okatani, Y., Wakatsuki, A., and Reiter, R. J. Melatonin counteracts potentiation by homocysteine of KCL-induced vasoconstriction in human umbilical artery: relation to calcium influx. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1-26-2001;280(3):940-944. View abstract.

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Ortega-Gutierrez, S., Lopez-Vicente, M., Lostale, F., Fuentes-Broto, L., Martinez-Ballarin, E., and Garcia, J. J. Protective effect of melatonin against mitomycin C-induced genotoxic damage in peripheral blood of rats. J.Biomed.Biotechnol. 2009;2009:791432. View abstract.

Ortiz-Lopez, L., Morales-Mulia, S., Ramirez-Rodriguez, G., and Benitez-King, G. ROCK-regulated cytoskeletal dynamics participate in the inhibitory effect of melatonin on cancer cell migration. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(1):15-21. View abstract.

Otmani, S., Metzger, D., Guichard, N., Danjou, P., Nir, T., Zisapel, N., and Katz, A. Effects of prolonged-release melatonin and zolpidem on postural stability in older adults. Hum.Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(3):270-276. View abstract.

Ozcengiz, D., Gunes, Y., and Ozmete, O. Oral melatonin, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam for prevention of postoperative agitation in children. J.Anesth. 2011;25(2):184-188. View abstract.

Ozdemir, F., Deniz, O., Kaynar, K., Arslan, M., Kavgaci, H., Yildiz, B., and Aydin, F. The effects of melatonin on human hepatoma (Hep G2) cell line. Bratisl.Lek.Listy 2009;110(5):276-279. View abstract.

Paccotti, P., Terzolo, M., Torta, M., Vignani, A., Schena, M., Piovesan, A., and Angeli, A. Acute administration of melatonin at two opposite circadian stages does not change responses to gonadotropin releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone and ACTH in healthy adult males. J Endocrinol Invest 1987;10(5):471-477. View abstract.

Palazidou, E., Franey, C., Arendt, J., Stahl, S., and Checkley, S. Evidence for a functional role of alpha-1 adrenoceptors in the regulation of melatonin secretion in man. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1989;14(1-2):131-135. View abstract.

Pan, L., Fu, J. H., Xue, X. D., Xu, W., Zhou, P., and Wei, B. Melatonin protects against oxidative damage in a neonatal rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. World J.Pediatr. 2009;5(3):216-221. View abstract.

Pan, L., Xu, W., Fu, J. H., and Xue, X. D. [Effect of melatonin on hyperoxia-induced oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in the lung of neonatal rats with chronic lung disease]. Zhongguo Dang.Dai Er.Ke.Za Zhi. 2009;11(7):581-584. View abstract.

Papavasiliou, P. S., Cotzias, G. C., Duby, S. E., Steck, A. J., Bell, M., and Lawrence, W. H. Melatonin and parkinsonism. JAMA 7-3-1972;221(1):88-89. View abstract.

Pappolla, M. A., Simovich, M. J., Bryant-Thomas, T., Chyan, Y. J., Poeggeler, B., Dubocovich, M., Bick, R., Perry, G., Cruz-Sanchez, F., and Smith, M. A. The neuroprotective activities of melatonin against the Alzheimer beta- protein are not mediated by melatonin membrane receptors. J Pineal Res 2002;32(3):135-142. View abstract.

Paredes, S. D., Bejarano, I., Terron, M. P., Barriga, C., Reiter, R. J., and Rodriguez, A. B. Melatonin and tryptophan counteract lipid peroxidation and modulate superoxide dismutase activity in ringdove heterophils in vivo. Effect of antigen-induced activation and age. Age (Dordr.) 2009;31(3):179-188. View abstract.

Park, J. W., Hwang, M. S., Suh, S. I., and Baek, W. K. Melatonin down-regulates HIF-1 alpha expression through inhibition of protein translation in prostate cancer cells. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(4):415-421. View abstract.

Park, K., Lee, Y., Park, S., Lee, S., Hong, Y., Kil, Lee S., and Hong, Y. Synergistic effect of melatonin on exercise-induced neuronal reconstruction and functional recovery in a spinal cord injury animal model. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(3):270-281. View abstract.

Paternoster, L., Radogna, F., Accorsi, A., Cristina, Albertini M., Gualandi, G., and Ghibelli, L. Melatonin as a modulator of apoptosis in B-lymphoma cells. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 2009;1171:345-349. View abstract.

Paul, M. A., Gray, G., Kenny, G., and Pigeau, R. A. Impact of melatonin, zaleplon, zopiclone, and temazepam on psychomotor performance. Aviat.Space Environ.Med 2003;74(12):1263-1270. View abstract.

Paulis, L., Pechanova, O., Zicha, J., Barta, A., Gardlik, R., Celec, P., Kunes, J., and Simko, F. Melatonin interactions with blood pressure and vascular function during L-NAME-induced hypertension. J.Pineal Res. 2010;48(2):102-108. View abstract.

Pedrosa, A. M., Weinlich, R., Mognol, G. P., Robbs, B. K., Viola, J. P., Campa, A., and Amarante-Mendes, G. P. Melatonin protects CD4+ T cells from activation-induced cell death by blocking NFAT-mediated CD95 ligand upregulation. J.Immunol. 4-1-2010;184(7):3487-3494. View abstract.

Pei, M., He, F., Wei, L., and Rawson, A. Melatonin enhances cartilage matrix synthesis by porcine articular chondrocytes. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(2):181-187. View abstract.

Pei, Z. and Cheung, R. T. Melatonin protects SHSY5Y neuronal cells but not cultured astrocytes from ischemia due to oxygen and glucose deprivation. J Pineal Res 2003;34(3):194-201. View abstract.

Pei, Z., Fung, P. C., and Cheung, R. T. Melatonin reduces nitric oxide level during ischemia but not blood-brain barrier breakdown during reperfusion in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. J Pineal Res 2003;34(2):110-118. View abstract.

Pei, Z., Ho, H. T., and Cheung, R. T. Pre-treatment with melatonin reduces volume of cerebral infarction in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model in the rat. Neurosci.Lett. 2-1-2002;318(3):141-144. View abstract.

Pei, Z., Pang, S. F., and Cheung, R. T. Pretreatment with melatonin reduces volume of cerebral infarction in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. J Pineal Res 2002;32(3):168-172. View abstract.

Peles, E., Hetzroni, T., Bar-Hamburger, R., Adelson, M., and Schreiber, S. Melatonin for perceived sleep disturbances associated with benzodiazepine withdrawal among patients in methadone maintenance treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Addiction 2007;102(12):1947-1953. View abstract.

Pepping, J. Melatonin. Am J Health Syst.Pharm 12-15-1999;56(24):2520, 2523-2524, 2527. View abstract.

Peres, M. F., Masruha, M. R., Zukerman, E., Moreira-Filho, C. A., and Cavalheiro, E. A. Potential therapeutic use of melatonin in migraine and other headache disorders. Expert.Opin.Investig.Drugs 2006;15(4):367-375. View abstract.

Perras, B., Ozcan, S., Fehm, H. L., and Born, J. Melatonin does not inhibit hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in waking young men. J Neuroendocrinol. 2005;17(12):811-816. View abstract.

Petrosillo, G., Colantuono, G., Moro, N., Ruggiero, F. M., Tiravanti, E., Di, Venosa N., Fiore, T., and Paradies, G. Melatonin protects against heart ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Am.J.Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2009;297(4):H1487-H1493. View abstract.

Petterborg LJ, Thalen BE, Kjellman BF, and et al. Effect of melatonin replacement on serum hormone rhythms in a patient lacking endogenous melatonin. Brain Res Bull 1991;27:181-185.

Pieri C, Moroni M, Marcheselli F, and et al. Melatonin is an efficient antioxidant. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1995;20:159-165.

Pieri, C., Marra, M., Moroni, F., Recchioni, R., and Marcheselli, F. Melatonin: a peroxyl radical scavenger more effective than vitamin E. Life Sci 1994;55(15):L271-L276. View abstract.

Pierrefiche, G., Topall, G., Courboin, G., Henriet, I., and Laborit, H. Antioxidant activity of melatonin in mice. Res Commun Chem Pathol.Pharmacol 1993;80(2):211-223. View abstract.

Pignone, A. M., Rosso, A. D., Fiori, G., Matucci-Cerinic, M., Becucci, A., Tempestini, A., Livi, R., Generini, S., Gramigna, L., Benvenuti, C., Carossino, A. M., Conforti, M. L., and Perfetto, F. Melatonin is a safe and effective treatment for chronic pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. J Pineal Res 2006;41(2):95-100. View abstract.

Pita, M. L., Hoyos, M., Martin-Lacave, I., Osuna, C., Fernandez-Santos, J. M., and Guerrero, J. M. Long-term melatonin administration increases polyunsaturated fatty acid percentage in plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic rats. J Pineal Res 2002;32(3):179-186. View abstract.

Poon, A. M., Liu, Z. M., Pang, C. S., Brown, G. M., and Pang, S. F. Evidence for a direct action of melatonin on the immune system. Biol Signals 1994;3(2):107-117. View abstract.

Pullman, R. E., Roepke, S. E., and Duffy, J. F. Laboratory validation of an in-home method for assessing circadian phase using dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). Sleep Med. 2012;13(6):703-706. View abstract.

Radogna, F., Sestili, P., Martinelli, C., Paolillo, M., Paternoster, L., Albertini, M. C., Accorsi, A., Gualandi, G., and Ghibelli, L. Lipoxygenase-mediated pro-radical effect of melatonin via stimulation of arachidonic acid metabolism. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 7-15-2009;238(2):170-177. View abstract.

Raghavendra, V. and Kulkarni, S. K. Reversal of morphine tolerance and dependence by melatonin: possible role of central and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors. Brain Res 7-10-1999;834(1-2):178-181. View abstract.

Rahman, S. A., Kayumov, L., and Shapiro, C. M. Antidepressant action of melatonin in the treatment of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome. Sleep Med. 2010;11(2):131-136. View abstract.

Rajaratnam, S. M., Dijk, D. J., Middleton, B., Stone, B. M., and Arendt, J. Melatonin phase-shifts human circadian rhythms with no evidence of changes in the duration of endogenous melatonin secretion or the 24-hour production of reproductive hormones. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2003;88(9):4303-4309. View abstract.

Rajaratnam, S. M., Middleton, B., Stone, B. M., Arendt, J., and Dijk, D. J. Melatonin advances the circadian timing of EEG sleep and directly facilitates sleep without altering its duration in extended sleep opportunities in humans. J Physiol 11-15-2004;561(Pt 1):339-351. View abstract.

Ramadan, T. A., Taha, T. A., Samak, M. A., and Hassan, A. Effectiveness of exposure to longday followed by melatonin treatment on semen characteristics of Damascus male goats during breeding and non-breeding seasons. Theriogenology 2009;71(3):458-468. View abstract.

Ravindra, T., Lakshmi, N. K., and Ahuja, Y. R. Melatonin in pathogenesis and therapy of cancer. Indian J Med Sci. 2006;60(12):523-535. View abstract.

Ray, C. A. Melatonin attenuates the sympathetic nerve responses to orthostatic stress in humans. J Physiol 9-15-2003;551(Pt 3):1043-1048. View abstract.

Rechcinski, T., Trzos, E., Wierzbowska-Drabik, K., Krzeminska-Pakula, M., and Kurpesa, M. Melatonin for nondippers with coronary artery disease: assessment of blood pressure profile and heart rate variability. Hypertens.Res. 2010;33(1):56-61. View abstract.

Regelson, W. and Pierpaoli, W. Melatonin: a rediscovered antitumor hormone? Its relation to surface receptors; sex steroid metabolism, immunologic response, and chronobiologic factors in tumor growth and therapy. Cancer Invest 1987;5(4):379-385. View abstract.

Regodon, S., del Prado, Miguez M., Jardin, I., Lopez, J. J., Ramos, A., Paredes, S. D., and Rosado, J. A. Melatonin, as an adjuvant-like agent, enhances platelet responsiveness. J.Pineal Res. 2009;46(3):275-285. View abstract.

Regodon, S., Ramos, A., Morgado, S., Tarazona, R., Martin-Palomino, P., Rosado, J. A., and Miguez, Mdel P. Melatonin enhances the immune response to vaccination against A1 and C strains of Dichelobacter nodosus. Vaccine 3-4-2009;27(10):1566-1570. View abstract.

Reid, K., Van den, Heuvel C., and Dawson, D. Day-time melatonin administration: effects on core temperature and sleep onset latency. J Sleep Res 1996;5(3):150-154. View abstract.

Reiter RJ, Poeggeler B, Tan D, and et al. Antioxidant capacity of melatonin: a novel action not requiring a receptor. Neuroendocrinol.Lett. 1993;15(1+2):103-116.

Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Acuña-Castroviejo D, and et al. Melatonin: mechanisms and actions as an antioxidant. Curr Top Biophys 2000;24:171-183.

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