Anethum Foeniculum, Anethum piperitum, Bari-Sanuf, Bitter Fennel, Carosella, Common Fennel, Fennel Essential Oil, Fennel Oil, Fennel Seed, Fenouil, Fenouil Amer, Fenouil Bulbeux, Fenouil Commun, Fenouil de Florence, Fenouil des Vignes, Fenouil Doux, Fenouil Sauvage, Finnochio, Florence Fennel, Foeniculi Antheroleum, Foeniculum Capillaceum, Foeniculum Officinale, Foeniculum piperitum, Foeniculum Vulgare, Foeniculum Vulgare Fruit, Garden Fennel, Graine de Fenouil, Hinojo, Huile Essentielle de Fenouil, Huile de Fenouil, Large Fennel, Phytoestrogen, Phyto-œstrogène, Sanuf, Shatapuspha, Sweet Fennel, Wild Fennel, Xiao Hui Xiang.
Fennel is a perennial, pleasant-smelling herb with yellow flowers. It is native to the Mediterranean, but is now found throughout the world. Dried fennel seeds are often used in cooking as an anise-flavored spice. But don't confuse fennel with anise; though they look and taste similar, they are not the same. Fennel's dried ripe seeds and oil are used to make medicine.
Fennel is used for various digestive problems including heartburn, intestinal gas, bloating, loss of appetite, and colic in infants. It is also used for upper respiratory tract infections, coughs, bronchitis, cholera, backache, bedwetting, and visual problems.
Some women use fennel for increasing the flow of breast milk, promoting menstruation, easing the birthing process, and increasing sex drive.
Fennel powder is used as a poultice for snakebites.
In foods and beverages, fennel oil is used as a flavoring agent.
In other manufacturing processes, fennel oil is used as a flavoring agent in certain laxatives, and as a fragrance component in soaps and cosmetics.
How does it work?
Fennel might relax the colon and decrease respiratory tract secretions.
QUESTION
Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See AnswerPossibly Effective for...
- Colic in breast-fed infants. Research suggests that giving fennel seed oil can relieve colic in infants 2-12 weeks old. Also, breast-fed infants with colic who are given a specific multi-ingredient product containing fennel, lemon balm, and German chamomile (ColiMil) cry for a shorter period of time than other infants with colic. In addition, giving a specific tea containing fennel, chamomile, vervain, licorice, and balm-mint (Calma-Bebi, Bonomelli) can reduce colic severity in infants.
Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...
- Swelling of the colon (colitis). Early research suggests that taking an herbal combination of fennel, dandelion, St. John's wort, lemon balm, and calendula can reduce pain along the large intestine in people with swelling of the colon.
- Constipation. Early research suggests that drinking an herbal tea containing a combination of fennel, anise, elderberry, and senna daily for 5 days can reduce constipation. Also, drinking a tea containing fennel, senna, licorice, orange peel, cassia cinnamon, coriander, and ginger (Smooth Move) for one month can reduce constipation in older people.
- Painful menstruation. Some research suggests that taking fennel extract four times daily starting at the beginning of a period can reduce pain in girls and young women with painful menstruation called dysmenorrhea. However, other research shows conflicting results.
- Excess hair on women (hirsutism). Early research suggests that using fennel cream for 12 weeks can reduce hair on women with male pattern body hair.
- Sunburn. Early research suggests that applying fennel to the skin before ultraviolet (UV) exposure can reduce sunburn.
- Stomach upset and indigestion.
- Airway swelling.
- Bronchitis.
- Cough.
- Mild spasms of the stomach and intestines.
- Intestinal gas (flatulence).
- Bloating.
- Upper respiratory tract infection.
- Other conditions.
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).
Fennel is LIKELY SAFE when taken by mouth in the amounts commonly found in food. For the most part, there is not enough evidence to know whether it is safe for adults when used in medicinal amounts.
Some people can have allergic skin reactions to fennel. People who are allergic to plants such as celery, carrot, and mugwort are more likely to also be allergic to fennel. Fennel can also make skin extra sensitive to sunlight and make it easier to get a sunburn. Wear sunblock if you are light-skinned.
SLIDESHOW
Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? See SlideshowDuring breast-feeding, fennel is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. It's been reported that two breast-feeding infants experienced damage to their nervous systems after their mothers drank an herbal tea that contained fennel.
Children: For the most part, there is not enough evidence to know whether it is safe for children when used in medicinal amounts. However, researchers have studied a combination product (ColiMil) for colic that contains fennel, lemon balm, and German chamomile. This product seems to be safe in infants when used for up to one week.
Allergy to celery, carrot or mugwort: Fennel might cause an allergic reaction in people who are sensitive to these plants.
Bleeding disorders: Fennel might slow blood clotting. Taking fennel might increase the risk of bleeding or bruising in people with bleeding disorders.
Hormone-sensitive condition such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids: Fennel might act like estrogen. If you have any condition that might be made worse by exposure to estrogen, do not use fennel.
Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some birth control pills contain estrogen. Fennel might have some of the same effects as estrogen. But fennel isn't as strong as the estrogen in birth control pills. Taking fennel along with birth control pills might decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills. If you take birth control pills along with fennel, use an additional form of birth control such as a condom.
Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others.
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is an antibiotic. Fennel might decrease how much ciprofloxacin (Cipro) the body absorbs. Taking fennel along with ciprofloxacin (Cipro) might decrease the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin (Cipro). To avoid this interaction, take fennel at least one hour after ciprofloxacin (Cipro).
EstrogensInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Large amounts of fennel might have some of the same effects as estrogen. But fennel isn't as strong as estrogen pills. Taking fennel along with estrogen pills might decrease the effects of estrogen pills.
Some estrogen pills include conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin), ethinyl estradiol, estradiol, and others.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Fennel might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking fennel along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effectiveness of some medications. Before taking fennel, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.
Medications that might be affected include certain heart medications called some calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, nicardipine, verapamil), chemotherapeutic agents (etoposide, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine), antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole), glucocorticoids, alfentanil (Alfenta), cisapride (Propulsid), fentanyl (Sublimaze), lidocaine (Xylocaine), losartan (Cozaar), fexofenadine (Allegra), midazolam (Versed), and others.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Fennel might slow blood clotting. Taking fennel along with medications that also slow clotting might increase the chances of bruising and bleeding.
Some medications that slow blood clotting include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some types of cancer are affected by hormones in the body. Estrogen-sensitive cancers are cancers that are affected by estrogen levels in the body. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is used to help treat and prevent these types of cancer. Fennel seems to also affect estrogen levels in the body. Taking fennel along with tamoxifen might decrease the effectiveness of tamoxifen (Nolvadex). Do not take fennel if you are taking tamoxifen (Nolvadex).
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Abdul-Ghani, A. S. and Amin, R. The vascular action of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vulgare leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 1988;24(2-3):213-218. View abstract.
Abou-Jawdah, Y., Sobh, H., and Salameh, A. Antimycotic activities of selected plant flora, growing wild in Lebanon, against phytopathogenic fungi. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-22-2002;50(11):3208-3213. View abstract.
Abramson, C. I., Wanderley, P. A., Wanderley, M. J., Silva, J. C., and Michaluk, L. M. The effect of essential oils of sweet fennel and pignut on mortality and learning in africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Neotrop.Entomol. 2007;36(6):828-835. View abstract.
Agarwal, R., Gupta, S. K., Agrawal, S. S., Srivastava, S., and Saxena, R. Oculohypotensive effects of foeniculum vulgare in experimental models of glaucoma. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;52(1):77-83. View abstract.
Aggarwal, B. B. and Shishodia, S. Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem.Pharmacol 5-14-2006;71(10):1397-1421. View abstract.
Aggarwal, B. B. and Shishodia, S. Suppression of the nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway by spice-derived phytochemicals: reasoning for seasoning. Ann.N.Y Acad.Sci. 2004;1030:434-441. View abstract.
Aggarwal, B. B., Kunnumakkara, A. B., Harikumar, K. B., Tharakan, S. T., Sung, B., and Anand, P. Potential of spice-derived phytochemicals for cancer prevention. Planta Med 2008;74(13):1560-1569. View abstract.
Albert-Puleo, M. Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents. J Ethnopharmacol. 1980;2(4):337-344. View abstract.
Alexandrovich, I., Rakovitskaya, O., Kolmo, E., Sidorova, T., and Shushunov, S. The effect of fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare) seed oil emulsion in infantile colic: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2003;9(4):58-61. View abstract.
Andreev, G. N., Schrader, B., Schulz, H., Fuchs, R., Popov, S., and Handjieva, N. Non-destructive NIR-FT-Raman analyses in practice. Part I. Analyses of plants and historic textiles. Fresenius.J Anal.Chem. 2001;371(7):1009-1017. View abstract.
Anwar F, Hussain AI, Sherazi STH, and et al. Changes in composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) fruit at different stages of maturity. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants (J HERBS SPICES MEDICINAL PLANT) 2009;15(2):187-202.
Aprotosoaie, A. C., Hancianu, M., Poiata, A., Tuchilus, C., Spac, A., Cioana, O., Gille, E., and Stanescu, U. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Rev Med Chir Soc.Med Nat.Iasi 2008;112(3):832-836. View abstract.
Aridogan, B. C., Baydar, H., Kaya, S., Demirci, M., Ozbasar, D., and Mumcu, E. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential oils. Arch.Pharm.Res 2002;25(6):860-864. View abstract.
Arya, S. Controlling angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitor induced cough by fennel fruit. Indian J Pharmacol 1999;31(2):159.
Azrak, B., Willershausen, B., Meyer, N., and Callaway, A. Course of changes in salivary pH-values after intake of different beverages in young children. Oral Health Prev.Dent. 2008;6(2):159-164. View abstract.
Bajer, T., Adam, M., Galla, L., and Ventura, K. Comparison of various extraction techniques for isolation and determination of isoflavonoids in plants. J Sep.Sci 2007;30(1):122-127. View abstract.
Baliga, M. S., Jagetia, G. C., Rao, S. K., and Babu, K. Evaluation of nitric oxide scavenging activity of certain spices in vitro: a preliminary study. Nahrung 2003;47(4):261-264. View abstract.
Baranska, M., Schulz, H., Rosch, P., Strehle, M. A., and Popp, J. Identification of secondary metabolites in medicinal and spice plants by NIR-FT-Raman microspectroscopic mapping. Analyst 2004;129(10):926-930. View abstract.
Barazani, O., Fait, A., Cohen, Y., Diminshtein, S., Ravid, U., Putievsky, E., Lewinsohn, E., and Friedman, J. Chemical variation among indigenous populations of Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare in Israel. Planta Med 1999;65(5):486-489. View abstract.
Barros, L., Heleno, S. A., Carvalho, A. M., and Ferreira, I. C. Systematic evaluation of the antioxidant potential of different parts of Foeniculumvulgare Mill. from Portugal. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2009;47(10):2458-2464. View abstract.
Basgel, S. and Erdemoglu, S. B. Determination of mineral and trace elements in some medicinal herbs and their infusions consumed in Turkey. Sci Total Environ 4-15-2006;359(1-3):82-89. View abstract.
Beitz, H. and Pank, F. [Residues of herbicides in medicinal and spice plants. Residues of methylparathion in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)]. Pharmazie 1972;27(8):532-534. View abstract.
Beitz, H., Pank, F., and Ehrt, M. [Pesticide residues in medicinal plants and seasoning herbs--dimethoate residues in caraway and fennel]. Pharmazie 1972;27(4):265-268. View abstract.
Beitz, H., Seefeld, F., and Pank, F. [Herbicide residues on medicinal, and condiment plants: Lindane residues on fennel and peppermint]. Pharmazie 1971;26(10):644-645. View abstract.
Betts, T. J. Anethole and fenchone in the developing fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 1968;20(6):469-472. View abstract.
Bilke, S. and Mosandl, A. 2H/(1)H and (13)C/(12)C isotope ratios of trans-anethole using gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. J Agric.Food Chem. 7-3-2002;50(14):3935-3937. View abstract.
Bins, A. D. and Derksen-Lubsen, G. [Diagnostic image (59). Accidental ingestion of 70% alcohol mistaken for very similarly packaged fennel water]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 10-13-2001;145(41):1981. View abstract.
Bins, A. D. and Derksen-Lubsen, G. [Diagnostic image (59); corrected placement. Accidental ingestion of alcohol 70% mistaken for very similarly packaged fennel water]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 10-27-2001;145(43):2077. View abstract.
Birdane, F. M., Cemek, M., Birdane, Y. O., Gulcin, I., and Buyukokuroglu, M. E. Beneficial effects of Foeniculum vulgare on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 1-28-2007;13(4):607-611. View abstract.
Bobovnikova, TsI, Alekseeva, L. B., Dibtseva, A. V., Chernik, G. V., Orlinsky, D. B., Priputina, I. V., and Pleskachevskaya, G. A. The influence of a capacitor plant in Serpukhov on vegetable contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls. Sci Total Environ. 1-31-2000;246(1):51-60. View abstract.
Bogucka-Kocka, A., Smolarz, H. D., and Kocki, J. Apoptotic activities of ethanol extracts from some Apiaceae on human leukaemia cell lines. Fitoterapia 2008;79(7-8):487-497. View abstract.
Boskabady, M. H., Khatami, A., and Nazari, A. Possible mechanism(s) for relaxant effects of Foeniculum vulgare on guinea pig tracheal chains. Pharmazie 2004;59(7):561-564. View abstract.
Brandelli, C. L., Giordani, R. B., De Carli, G. A., and Tasca, T. Indigenous traditional medicine: in vitro anti-giardial activity of plants used in the treatment of diarrhea. Parasitol.Res 2009;104(6):1345-1349. View abstract.
Brinker, F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications;1998.
Bub, S., Brinckmann, J., Cicconetti, G., and Valentine, B. Efficacy of an herbal dietary supplement (Smooth Move) in the management of constipation in nursing home residents: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am.Med.Dir.Assoc. 2006;7(9):556-561. View abstract.
Camacho-Corona, Mdel R., Ramirez-Cabrera, M. A., Santiago, O. G., Garza-Gonzalez, E., Palacios, Ide P., and Luna-Herrera, J. Activity against drug resistant-tuberculosis strains of plants used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases. Phytother.Res 2008;22(1):82-85. View abstract.
Capasso, R., Savino, F., and Capasso, F. Effects of the herbal formulation ColiMil on upper gastrointestinal transit in mice in vivo. Phytother Res 2007;21(10):999-1101. View abstract.
Cavazzini, G., Ceccherini, R., Bolognesi, L., Brandi, A., and Rausa, G. [Yersinia enterocolitica: biotypes and serotypes isolated from horticultural products]. Boll.Ist.Sieroter.Milan 9-30-1983;62(4):317-322. View abstract.
Cavazzini, G., Guidi, E., and Rausa, G. [Gram-negative flora of horticultural produce destined for consumption mainly in the raw state]. Ann Ig 1989;1(5):1279-1289. View abstract.
Celik, I. and Isik, I. Determination of chemopreventive role of Foeniculum vulgare and Salvia officinalis infusion on trichloroacetic acid-induced increased serum marker enzymes lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defense systems in rats. Nat.Prod.Res 1-10-2008;22(1):66-75. View abstract.
Cetin, B., Ozer, H., Cakir, A., Polat, T., Dursun, A., Mete, E., Ozturk, E., and Ekinci, M. Antimicrobial activities of essential oil and hexane extract of Florence fennel [Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum (Mill.) Thell.] against foodborne microorganisms. J Med Food 2010;13(1):196-204. View abstract.
Chainy, G. B., Manna, S. K., Chaturvedi, M. M., and Aggarwal, B. B. Anethole blocks both early and late cellular responses transduced by tumor necrosis factor: effect on NF-kappaB, AP-1, JNK, MAPKK and apoptosis. Oncogene 6-8-2000;19(25):2943-2950. View abstract.
Chohan, M., Forster-Wilkins, G., and Opara, E. I. Determination of the antioxidant capacity of culinary herbs subjected to various cooking and storage processes using the ABTS(*+) radical cation assay. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr. 2008;63(2):47-52. View abstract.
Choi, E. M. and Hwang, J. K. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare. Fitoterapia 2004;75(6):557-565. View abstract.
Cimolai N and Cimolai T. Severe iron deficiency anemia and gastrointestinal dysfunction associated with ingestion of pan masala. Journal of Dietary Supplements (J DIET SUPPL) 2008;5(3):305-309.
Conforti, F., Statti, G., Uzunov, D., and Menichini, F. Comparative chemical composition and antioxidant activities of wild and cultivated Laurus nobilis L. leaves and Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (Ucria) coutinho seeds. Biol.Pharm.Bull 2006;29(10):2056-2064. View abstract.
Corbo, M. R., Del Nobile, M. A., and Sinigaglia, M. A novel approach for calculating shelf life of minimally processed vegetables. Int J Food Microbiol. 1-15-2006;106(1):69-73. View abstract.
Cosge, B., Kiralan, M., and Gurbuz, B. Characteristics of fatty acids and essential oil from sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce) and bitter fennel fruits (F. vulgare Mill. var. vulgare) growing in Turkey. Nat.Prod.Res 2008;22(12):1011-1016. View abstract.
Croci, L., De Medici, D., Scalfaro, C., Fiore, A., and Toti, L. The survival of hepatitis A virus in fresh produce. Int J Food Microbiol. 2-25-2002;73(1):29-34. View abstract.
Croteau, R., Miyazaki, J. H., and Wheeler, C. J. Monoterpene biosynthesis: mechanistic evaluation of the geranyl pyrophosphate:(-)-endo-fenchol cyclase from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Arch Biochem.Biophys. 1989;269(2):507-516. View abstract.
Cwikla, C., Schmidt, K., Matthias, A., Bone, K. M., Lehmann, R., and Tiralongo, E. Investigations into the antibacterial activities of phytotherapeutics against Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. Phytother.Res 2010;24(5):649-656. View abstract.
D'Amico, M., Frisullo, S., and Cirulli, M. Endophytic fungi occurring in fennel, lettuce, chicory, and celery--commercial crops in southern Italy. Mycol.Res 2008;112(Pt 1):100-107. View abstract.
Dadalioglu, I. and Evrendilek, G. A. Chemical compositions and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Turkish oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), Spanish lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.), and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on common foodborne pathogens. J Agric.Food Chem. 12-29-2004;52(26):8255-8260. View abstract.
De Marino, S., Gala, F., Borbone, N., Zollo, F., Vitalini, S., Visioli, F., and Iorizzi, M. Phenolic glycosides from Foeniculum vulgare fruit and evaluation of antioxidative activity. Phytochemistry 2007;68(13):1805-1812. View abstract.
De Martino, L., De, Feo, V, Fratianni, F., and Nazzaro, F. Chemistry, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of volatile oils and their components. Nat.Prod.Commun. 2009;4(12):1741-1750. View abstract.
De Vincenzi, M., Silano, M., Maialetti, F., and Scazzocchio, B. Constituents of aromatic plants: II. Estragole. Fitoterapia 2000;71(6):725-729. View abstract.
Dhalwal, K., Shinde, V. M., Mahadik, K. R., and Namdeo, A. G. Rapid densitometric method for simultaneous analysis of umbelliferone, psoralen, and eugenol in herbal raw materials using HPTLC. J Sep.Sci 2007;30(13):2053-2058. View abstract.
Diaz-Maroto, M. C., Diaz-Maroto, Hidalgo, I, Sanchez-Palomo, E., and Perez-Coello, M. S. Volatile components and key odorants of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oil extracts obtained by simultaneous distillation-extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. J Agric.Food Chem. 6-29-2005;53(13):5385-5389. View abstract.
Diaz-Maroto, M. C., Perez-Coello, M. S., Esteban, J., and Sanz, J. Comparison of the volatile composition of wild fennel samples (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) from central Spain. J Agric.Food Chem. 9-6-2006;54(18):6814-6818. View abstract.
Dres, C, Johnson, C, and Loda, L. Enzymes and erythema reduction. SPC 1999;71(313):33.
Edenharder, R., John, K., and Ivo-Boor, H. [Antimutagenic activity of vegetable and fruit extracts against in-vitro benzo(a)pyrene]. Z.Gesamte Hyg. 1990;36(3):144-147. View abstract.
Edenharder, R., Kurz, P., John, K., Burgard, S., and Seeger, K. In vitro effect of vegetable and fruit juices on the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1994;32(5):443-459. View abstract.
El Bardai, S., Lyoussi, B., Wibo, M., and Morel, N. Pharmacological evidence of hypotensive activity of Marrubium vulgare and Foeniculum vulgare in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2001;23(4):329-343. View abstract.
El Kady, I. A., El Maraghy, S. S., and Eman, Mostafa M. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in different spices in Egypt. Folia Microbiol.(Praha) 1995;40(3):297-300. View abstract.
El, S. N. and Karakaya, S. Radical scavenging and iron-chelating activities of some greens used as traditional dishes in Mediterranean diet. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2004;55(1):67-74. View abstract.
Elgayyar, M., Draughon, F. A., Golden, D. A., and Mount, J. R. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. J Food Prot. 2001;64(7):1019-1024. View abstract.
Ercolani, G. L. Bacteriological quality assessment of fresh marketed lettuce and fennel. Appl.Environ Microbiol. 1976;31(6):847-852. View abstract.
Farag, R, Abu-Raiia, S, and Abdel-Moein, N. The essential oils of coriander, common dill, and bitter fennel and their effects on diabetic rats. Bull Fac of Agric, Univ of Cairo 1992;43(1):31-44.
Farag, R. S. and el Khawas, K. H. Influence of gamma-irradiation and microwaves on the antioxidant property of some essential oils. Int J Food Sci Nutr 1998;49(2):109-115. View abstract.
Faudale, M., Viladomat, F., Bastida, J., Poli, F., and Codina, C. Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of wild, edible, and medicinal fennel from different Mediterranean countries. J Agric.Food Chem. 3-26-2008;56(6):1912-1920. View abstract.
Fugh-Berman, A. Herbal Supplements: Indications, Clinical Concerns, and Safety. Nutr Today 2002;37(3):122-124. View abstract.
Gilligan NP. The palliation of nausea in hospice and palliative care patients with essential oils of Pimpinella anisum (aniseed), Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce (sweet fennel), Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile) and Mentha x piperita (peppermint). International Journal of Aromatherapy (INT J AROMATHERAPY) 2005;15(4):163-167.
Giosafatto, C. V., Mariniello, L., and Ring, S. Extraction and characterization of Foeniculum vulgare pectins and their use for preparing biopolymer films in the presence of phaseolin protein. J Agric.Food Chem. 2-21-2007;55(4):1237-1240. View abstract.
Gluck, U. [Neglected allergens]. Ther Umsch. 1992;49(10):669-673. View abstract.
Guerrini, A., Sacchetti, G., Muzzoli, M., Moreno, Rueda G., Medici, A., Besco, E., and Bruni, R. Composition of the volatile fraction of Ocotea bofo Kunth (Lauraceae) calyces by GC-MS and NMR fingerprinting and its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. J Agric.Food Chem. 10-4-2006;54(20):7778-7788. View abstract.
Gutierrez, J., Rodriguez, G., Barry-Ryan, C., and Bourke, P. Efficacy of plant essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with ready-to-eat vegetables: antimicrobial and sensory screening. J Food Prot. 2008;71(9):1846-1854. View abstract.
Harder, J., Heyen, U., Probian, C., and Foss, S. Anaerobic utilization of essential oils by denitrifying bacteria. Biodegradation. 2000;11(1):55-63. View abstract.
Hawrelak, J. A., Cattley, T., and Myers, S. P. Essential oils in the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis: A preliminary in vitro study. Altern.Med Rev. 2009;14(4):380-384. View abstract.
Haze, S., Sakai, K., and Gozu, Y. Effects of fragrance inhalation on sympathetic activity in normal adults. Jpn.J Pharmacol. 2002;90(3):247-253. View abstract.
Hotta, M., Nakata, R., Katsukawa, M., Hori, K., Takahashi, S., and Inoue, H. Carvacrol, a component of thyme oil, activates PPARalpha and gamma and suppresses COX-2 expression. J Lipid Res 2010;51(1):132-139. View abstract.
Hur, M. H., Kim, C., Kim, C. H., Ahn, H. C., and Ahn, H. Y. [The effects of inhalation of essential oils on the body weight, food efficiency rate and serum leptin of growing SD rats]. Taehan Kanho.Hakhoe.Chi 2006;36(2):236-243. View abstract.
Iten, F. and Saller, R. [Fennel tea: risk assessment of the phytogenic monosubstance estragole in comparison to the natural multicomponent mixture]. Forsch.Komplementarmed.Klass.Naturheilkd. 2004;11(2):104-108. View abstract.
Iyer, L. V., Ho, M. N., Shinn, W. M., Bradford, W. W., Tanga, M. J., Nath, S. S., and Green, C. E. Glucuronidation of 1'-hydroxyestragole (1'-HE) by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases UGT2B7 and UGT1A9. Toxicol Sci 2003;73(1):36-43. View abstract.
Javidnia, K., Dastgheib, L., Mohammadi, Samani S., and Nasiri, A. Antihirsutism activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extract. A double-blind placebo controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(6-7):455-458. View abstract.
Jazani, N. H., Zartoshti, M., Babazadeh, H., Ali-daiee, N., Zarrin, S., and Hosseini, S. Antibacterial effects of Iranian fennel essential oil on isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Pak.J Biol.Sci 5-1-2009;12(9):738-741. View abstract.
Joshi, H. and Parle, M. Cholinergic basis of memory-strengthening effect of Foeniculum vulgare Linn. J Med Food 2006;9(3):413-417. View abstract.
Kaileh, M., Berghe, W. V., Boone, E., Essawi, T., and Haegeman, G. Screening of indigenous Palestinian medicinal plants for potential anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 9-25-2007;113(3):510-516. View abstract.
Kamble VA and Patil SD. Spice derived essential oils: effective antifungal and possible therapeutic agents. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants (J HERBS SPICES MEDICINAL PLANT) 2008;14(3-4):129-143.
KANEKO, K. Biogenetic studies of natural products. VIII. Biosynthesis of anethole by Foeniculum vulgare. (4). Chem.Pharm.Bull (Tokyo) 1962;10:1085-1087. View abstract.
Kapoor, R., Giri, B., and Mukerji, K. G. Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresour.Technol. 2004;93(3):307-311. View abstract.
Kaur, G. J. and Arora, D. S. Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi. BMC.Complement Altern.Med. 2009;9:30. View abstract.
Khaldun, A. O. [Antibacterial action of ether oils of some plants]. Zh.Mikrobiol.Epidemiol.Immunobiol. 2006;(3):92-93. View abstract.
Kim, D. H., Kim, S. I., Chang, K. S., and Ahn, Y. J. Repellent activity of constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J.Agric.Food Chem. 11-20-2002;50(24):6993-6996. View abstract.
Kim, S. I., Chang, K. S., Yang, Y. C., Kim, B. S., and Ahn, Y. J. Repellency of aerosol and cream products containing fennel oil to mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. Pest.Manag.Sci 2004;60(11):1125-1130. View abstract.
Krizman, M., Baricevic, D., and Prosek, M. Determination of phenolic compounds in fennel by HPLC and HPLC-MS using a monolithic reversed-phase column. J Pharm.Biomed.Anal. 1-17-2007;43(2):481-485. View abstract.
Kwon, Y. S., Choi, W. G., Kim, W. J., Kim, W. K., Kim, M. J., Kang, W. H., and Kim, C. M. Antimicrobial constituents of Foeniculum vulgare. Arch Pharm.Res 2002;25(2):154-157. View abstract.
Lee, H. S. Acaricidal activity of constituents identified in Foeniculum vulgare fruit oil against Dermatophagoides spp. (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). J Agric.Food Chem. 5-19-2004;52(10):2887-2889. View abstract.
LEVY, S. B. Bronchial asthma due to ingestion of fennel and fennel seed. Ann.Allergy 1948;6(4):415. View abstract.
Lis-Balchin, M. and Hart, S. A preliminary study of the effect of essential oils on skeletal and smooth muscle in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;58(3):183-187. View abstract.
Liu, Z., Lu, C., and Chen, J. [Correlation comparison of uterotrophic assay and E-SCREEN assay for estrogenic activities]. Wei Sheng Yan.Jiu. 2004;33(4):458-460. View abstract.
Lo, Cantore P., Iacobellis, N. S., De Marco, A., Capasso, F., and Senatore, F. Antibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Miller Var. vulgare (Miller) essential oils. J Agric.Food Chem. 12-29-2004;52(26):7862-7866. View abstract.
Lods, L. M., Dres, C., Johnson, C., Scholz, D. B., and Brooks, G. J. The future of enzymes in cosmetics. Int J Cosmet.Sci 2000;22(2):85-94. View abstract.
Mahady, G. B., Pendland, S. L., Stoia, A., Hamill, F. A., Fabricant, D., Dietz, B. M., and Chadwick, L. R. In vitro susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to botanical extracts used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Phytother.Res 2005;19(11):988-991. View abstract.
McGuffin, M. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;1997.
Miguel, M. G., Cruz, C., Faleiro, L., Simoes, M. T., Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., and Pedro, L. G. Foeniculum vulgare essential oils: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Nat.Prod.Commun. 2010;5(2):319-328. View abstract.
Mimica-Dukic, N., Kujundzic, S., Sokovic, M., and Couladis, M. Essential oil composition and antifungal activity of Foeniculum vulgare Mill obtained by different distillation conditions. Phytother.Res. 2003;17(4):368-371. View abstract.
Misharina, T. A. and Polshkov, A. N. [Antioxidant properties of essential oils: autoxidation of essential oils from laurel and fennel and effects of mixing with essential oil from coriander]. Prikl.Biokhim.Mikrobiol. 2005;41(6):693-702. View abstract.
Misharina, T. A., Terenina, M. B., and Krikunova, N. I. [Antioxidant properties of essential oils]. Prikl.Biokhim.Mikrobiol. 2009;45(6):710-716. View abstract.
Miura, Y., Ogawa, K., Fukui, H., and Tabata, M. Changes in the Essential Oil Components during the Development of Fennel Plants from Somatic Embryoids. Planta Med 1987;53(1):95-96. View abstract.
Modaress, Nejad, V and Asadipour, M. Comparison of the effectiveness of fennel and mefenamic acid on pain intensity in dysmenorrhoea. East Mediterr.Health J 2006;12(3-4):423-427. View abstract.
Mohsenzadeh, M. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of selected Iranian essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in nutrient broth medium. Pak.J Biol.Sci. 10-15-2007;10(20):3693-3697. View abstract.
Moutsatsou, A., Chalarakis, E., and Zarangas, G. Influence of raw materials and distillation equipment on the heavy metal content of waste from an alcoholic anis-type beverage. J Hazard.Mater. 1-3-2003;96(1):53-64. View abstract.
Murone, A. J., Stucki, P., Roback, M. G., and Gehri, M. Severe methemoglobinemia due to food intoxication in infants. Pediatr.Emerg.Care 2005;21(8):536-538. View abstract.
Nabrzyski, M. and Gajewska, R. [The content of nitrates and nitrites in fruits, vegetables and other foodstuffs]. Rocz.Panstw.Zakl.Hig. 1994;45(3):167-180. View abstract.
Namavar, Jahromi B., Tartifizadeh, A., and Khabnadideh, S. Comparison of fennel and mefenamic acid for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Int.J.Gynaecol.Obstet. 2003;80(2):153-157. View abstract.
Nickavar, B. and Abolhasani, F. A. Screening of antioxidant properties of seven Umbelliferae fruits from Iran. Pak.J Pharm.Sci 2009;22(1):30-35. View abstract.
Oka, Y., Nacar, S., Putievsky, E., Ravid, U., Yaniv, Z., and Spiegel, Y. Nematicidal activity of essential oils and their components against the root-knot nematode. Phytopathology 2000;90(7):710-715. View abstract.
Orhan, I., Kartal, M., Kan, Y., and Sener, B. Activity of essential oils and individual components against acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. Z.Naturforsch.C. 2008;63(7-8):547-553. View abstract.
Ottolenghi, A., De Chiara, A., Arrigoni, S., Terracciano, L., and De Amici, M. [Diagnosis of food allergy caused by fruit and vegetables in children with atopic dermatitis]. Pediatr Med Chir 1995;17(6):525-530. View abstract.
Ozbek, H., Ugras, S., Dulger, H., Bayram, I., Tuncer, I., Ozturk, G., and Ozturk, A. Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil. Fitoterapia 2003;74(3):317-319. View abstract.
Ozcan, M. M., Chalchat, J. C., Arslan, D., Ates, A., and Unver, A. Comparative essential oil composition and antifungal effect of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum) fruit oils obtained during different vegetation. J Med Food 2006;9(4):552-561. View abstract.
Ozcan, M. M., Erel, O., and Herken, E. E. Antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and peroxide value of essential oil and extracts of some medicinal and aromatic plants used as condiments and herbal teas in Turkey. J Med Food 2009;12(1):198-202. View abstract.
Ozcan, M. M., Sagdic, O., and Ozkan, G. Inhibitory effects of spice essential oils on the growth of Bacillus species. J Med Food 2006;9(3):418-421. View abstract.
Ozdestan, O. and Uren, A. Development of a cost-effective method for nitrate and nitrite determination in leafy plants and nitrate and nitrite contents of some green leafy vegetables grown in the Aegean region of Turkey. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-12-2010;58(9):5235-5240. View abstract.
Papageorgiou, V., Mallouchos, A., and Komaitis, M. Investigation of the antioxidant behavior of air- and freeze-dried aromatic plant materials in relation to their phenolic content and vegetative cycle. J Agric.Food Chem. 7-23-2008;56(14):5743-5752. View abstract.
PAPOVIAN, G. S., MIRZABEKIAN, A. O., VANTSIAN, E. A., KARABEKOV, B. P., MELKUMIAN, P. B., MKRTCHIAN, A. E., and GRIGORIAN, S. M. [OBSERVATION ON BOTULISM CASES CAUSED BY CONSUMPTION OF FOENICULUM.]. Vopr.Pitan. 1965;24:87-88. View abstract.
Parejo, I., Viladomat, F., Bastida, J., Rosas-Romero, A., Flerlage, N., Burillo, J., and Codina, C. Comparison between the radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity of six distilled and nondistilled mediterranean herbs and aromatic plants. J Agric.Food Chem. 11-6-2002;50(23):6882-6890. View abstract.
Parejo, I., Viladomat, F., Bastida, J., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., Burillo, J., and Codina, C. Bioguided isolation and identification of the nonvolatile antioxidant compounds from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) waste. J Agric.Food Chem. 4-7-2004;52(7):1890-1897. View abstract.
Patra, A. K., Kamra, D. N., and Agarwal, N. Effects of extracts of spices on rumen methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feeds in vitro. J Sci Food Agric. 2010;90(3):511-520. View abstract.
Peighami-Ashnaei, S., Farzaneh, M., Sharifi-Tehrani, A., and Behboudi, K. Effect of essential oils in control of plant diseases. Commun.Agric.Appl.Biol.Sci 2009;74(3):843-847. View abstract.
Perez-Fernandez, M. A., Calvo-Magro, E., Montanero-Fernandez, J., and Oyola-Velasco, J. A. Seed germination in response to chemicals: effect of nitrogen and pH in the media. J Environ Biol. 2006;27(1):13-20. View abstract.
Picon, P. D., Picon, R. V., Costa, A. F., Sander, G. B., Amaral, K. M., Aboy, A. L., and Henriques, A. T. Randomized clinical trial of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, and Cassia augustifolia for chronic constipation. BMC.Complement Altern.Med. 2010;10:17. View abstract.
Platel K and Srinivasan K. A Study of the digestive stimulant action of select spices in experimental rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2001;38(4):358.
Rabsch, W., Prager, R., Koch, J., Stark, K., Roggentin, P., Bockemuhl, J., Beckmann, G., Stark, R., Siegl, W., Ammon, A., and Tschape, H. Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Agona: characterization of a diffuse outbreak caused by aniseed-fennel-caraway infusion. Epidemiol.Infect. 2005;133(5):837-844. View abstract.
Ramakrishna, Rao R., Platel, K., and Srinivasan, K. In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine. Nahrung 2003;47(6):408-412. View abstract.
Reiter, M. and Brandt, W. Relaxant effects on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig. Arzneimittelforschung. 1985;35(1A):408-414. View abstract.
Rothbacher, H. and Kraus, A. [Terpene hydrocarbons in Rumanian fennel oil]. Pharmazie 1970;25(9):566-567. View abstract.
Ruberto, G., Baratta, M. T., Deans, S. G., and Dorman, H. J. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Crithmum maritimum essential oils. Planta Med 2000;66(8):687-693. View abstract.
S.Klein ed. Blumenthal, M. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council;1998.
Sadeghian S, Neyestani TR, Shirazi MH, and et al. Bacteriostatic effect of dill, fennel, caraway and cinnamon extracts against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine (J NUTR ENVIRON MED) 2005;15(2-3):47-55.
Saleh, M, Hashem, F, and Grace, M. Volatile oil of Egyptian sween fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, var. dulce. Alef.) and its effects on isolated smooth muscles. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 2005;6(1):5-7.
Saraswat, M., Muthenna, P., Suryanarayana, P., Petrash, J. M., and Reddy, G. B. Dietary sources of aldose reductase inhibitors: prospects for alleviating diabetic complications. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(4):558-565. View abstract.
Satchell, F. B., Bruce, V. R., Allen, G., Andrews, W. H., and Gerber, H. R. Microbiological survey of selected imported spices and associated fecal pellet specimens. J Assoc.Off Anal.Chem. 1989;72(4):632-637. View abstract.
Satyanarayana, S., Sushruta, K., Sarma, G. S., Srinivas, N., and Subba Raju, G. V. Antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts of spicy food additives--evaluation and comparison with ascorbic acid in in-vitro systems. J Herb.Pharmacother. 2004;4(2):1-10. View abstract.
Savino, F., Capasso, R., Palumeri, E., Tarasco, V., Locatelli, E., and Capasso, F. [Advances on the effects of the compounds of a phytotherapic agent (COLIMIL) on upper gastrointestinal transit in mice]. Minerva Pediatr. 2008;60(3):285-290. View abstract.
Sayed, S. M., Abou El-Ella, G. A., Wahba, N. M., El Nisr, N. A., Raddad, K., Abd El Rahman, M. F., Abd El Hafeez, M. M., and Abd El Fattah, Aamer A. Immune defense of rats immunized with fennel honey, propolis, and bee venom against induced staphylococcal infection. J Med Food 2009;12(3):569-575. View abstract.
Schelz, Z., Molnar, J., and Hohmann, J. Antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils. Fitoterapia 2006;77(4):279-285. View abstract.
Schmidtlein, H. and Herrmann, K. [On the phenolic acids of vegetables. IV. Hydroxycinnamic acids and hydroxybenzoic acids of vegetables and potatoes (author's transl)]. Z Lebensm.Unters.Forsch 12-16-1975;159(5):255-263. View abstract.
Schone, F., Vetter, A., Hartung, H., Bergmann, H., Biertumpfel, A., Richter, G., Muller, S., and Breitschuh, G. Effects of essential oils from fennel (Foeniculi aetheroleum) and caraway (Carvi aetheroleum) in pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2006;90(11-12):500-510. View abstract.
Schwartz, H. J., Jones, R. T., Rojas, A. R., Squillace, D. L., and Yunginger, J. W. Occupational allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma due to fennel seed. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;78(1):37-40. View abstract.
Sekizawa, J. and Shibamoto, T. Genotoxicity of safrole-related chemicals in microbial test systems. Mutat.Res 1982;101(2):127-140. View abstract.
Shah, A. H., Qureshi, S., and Ageel, A. M. Toxicity studies in mice of ethanol extracts of Foeniculum vulgare fruit and Ruta chalepensis aerial parts. J Ethnopharmacol. 1991;34(2-3):167-172. View abstract.
Sharma, A. K. and Sharma, K. D. Effects of fungal metabolites on the germination of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) seeds. Toxicol.Lett. 1983;17(1-2):81-84. View abstract.
Singh, B. and Kale, R. K. Chemomodulatory action of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) on skin and forestomach papillomagenesis, enzymes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant status in murine model system. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2008;46(12):3842-3850. View abstract.
Singh, G., Kapoor, I. P., Pandey, S. K., Singh, U. K., and Singh, R. K. Studies on essential oils: part 10; antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some spices. Phytother.Res 2002;16(7):680-682. View abstract.
Singh, U. P., Singh, D. P., Maurya, S., Maheshwari, R., Singh, M., Dubey, R. S., and Singh, R. B. Investigation on the phenolics of some spices having pharmacotherapeuthic properties. J Herb.Pharmacother. 2004;4(4):27-42. View abstract.
Soylu, E. M., Soylu, S., and Kurt, S. Antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato late blight disease agent Phytophthora infestans. Mycopathologia 2006;161(2):119-128. View abstract.
Soylu, S., Yigitbas, H., Soylu, E. M., and Kurt, S. Antifungal effects of essential oils from oregano and fennel on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Appl.Microbiol. 2007;103(4):1021-1030. View abstract.
Stashenko, E. E., Puertas, M. A., and Martinez, J. R. SPME determination of volatile aldehydes for evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant activity. Anal.Bioanal.Chem. 2002;373(1-2):70-74. View abstract.
Subehan, Usia, T., Iwata, H., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 by Indonesian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 5-24-2006;105(3):449-455. View abstract.
Subehan, Zaidi, S. F., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Inhibition on human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 by constituents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): identification and characterization of a mechanism-based inactivator. J Agric.Food Chem. 12-12-2007;55(25):10162-10167. View abstract.
Takahashi, Y. K., Nagayama, S., and Mori, K. Detection and masking of spoiled food smells by odor maps in the olfactory bulb. J Neurosci. 10-6-2004;24(40):8690-8694. View abstract.
Tang, X. and Edenharder, R. Inhibition of the mutagenicity of 2-nitrofluorene, 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-nitropyrene by vitamins, porphyrins and related compounds, and vegetable and fruit juices and solvent extracts. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1997;35(3-4):373-378. View abstract.
Toda, S. Inhibitory effects of aromatic herbs on lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative modification by copper. Phytother Res 2003;17(5):546-548. View abstract.
Tognolini, M., Ballabeni, V., Bertoni, S., Bruni, R., Impicciatore, M., and Barocelli, E. Protective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model of thrombosis. Pharmacol.Res 2007;56(3):254-260. View abstract.
Tognolini, M., Barocelli, E., Ballabeni, V., Bruni, R., Bianchi, A., Chiavarini, M., and Impicciatore, M. Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. Life Sci. 2-23-2006;78(13):1419-1432. View abstract.
Topal, U., Sasaki, M., Goto, M., and Otles, S. Chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of essential oils from nine species of Turkish plants obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and steam distillation. Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 2008;59(7-8):619-634. View abstract.
Toth, L. [Studies on the etheric oil of Foeniculum vulgare. II. Changes of different fennel oils beforeand after harvest]. Planta Med 1967;15(4):371-389. View abstract.
Trenkle, K. [Recent studies in Foeniculum vulgare. Organic acids, especially phenyl carbonic acids]. Planta Med 1971;20(4):289-301. View abstract.
Tullio, V., Nostro, A., Mandras, N., Dugo, P., Banche, G., Cannatelli, M. A., Cuffini, A. M., Alonzo, V., and Carlone, N. A. Antifungal activity of essential oils against filamentous fungi determined by broth microdilution and vapour contact methods. J Appl.Microbiol. 2007;102(6):1544-1550. View abstract.
Turkyilmaz, Z., Karabulut, R., Sonmez, K., and Can, Basaklar A. A striking and frequent cause of premature thelarche in children: Foeniculum vulgare. J Pediatr.Surg. 2008;43(11):2109-2111. View abstract.
Vasudevan, K., Vembar, S., Veeraraghavan, K., and Haranath, P. S. Influence of intragastric perfusion of aqueous spice extracts on acid secretion in anesthetized albino rats. Indian J.Gastroenterol. 2000;19(2):53-56. View abstract.
Wang, C., Gong, N. B., Zheng, Q. T., Guo, W. S., and Lu, Y. [Study on selective isolation of volatile oil in the seed of Fructus foeniculi]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2003;28(3):240-242. View abstract.
Wright, C. I., Van Buren, L., Kroner, C. I., and Koning, M. M. Herbal medicines as diuretics: a review of the scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 10-8-2007;114(1):1-31. View abstract.
Xia, Z. H., Guo, W. S., Tang, X. D., Wang, X. M., Tong, J., You, J., Cai, Y. P., and Lu, Y. [Selective isolation of anethole from volatile oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill by inclusion crystalline with chela-shape host]. Yao Xue.Xue.Bao. 2001;36(9):672-675. View abstract.
Yarnell E and Abascal K. Interaction of herbal constituents with cytochrome P450 enzymes. Alternative & Complementary Therapies (ALTERN COMPLEMENT THER) 2007;13(5):239-247.
Zahrani SH, Amjady MA, Mojab F, and et al. Clinical effects of foeniculum vulgare extract on systemic symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea in students of Shaheed Beheshti University in Tehran [Farsi]. SBMU Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery Quarterly (SBMU FAC NURS MIDWIFERY Q) 2005;15(49):14.
Zeller, A. and Rychlik, M. Character impact odorants of fennel fruits and fennel tea. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-17-2006;54(10):3686-3692. View abstract.
Zeller, A., Horst, K., and Rychlik, M. Study of the metabolism of estragole in humans consuming fennel tea. Chem.Res Toxicol. 2009;22(12):1929-1937. View abstract.
Zhang, F., Li, Z., Tian, S., and Ma, L. [Analysis on changes of chemical compounds in different samples of fried Foeniculum vulgare]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 2009;34(7):829-832. View abstract.
Zidorn, C., Johrer, K., Ganzera, M., Schubert, B., Sigmund, E. M., Mader, J., Greil, R., Ellmerer, E. P., and Stuppner, H. Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities. J Agric.Food Chem. 4-6-2005;53(7):2518-2523. View abstract.
Burkhard PR, Burkhardt K, Haenggeli CA, Landis T. Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem. J Neurol 1999;246:667-70. View abstract.
Chakurski I, Matev M, Koichev A, et al. [Treatment of chronic colitis with an herbal combination of Taraxacum officinale, Hipericum perforatum, Melissa officinaliss, Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare]. Vutr Boles. 1981;20:51-4. View abstract.
Cuzzolin L, Zaffani S, and Benoni G. Safety implications regarding use of phytomedicines. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62:37-42. View abstract.
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
Gral N, Beani JC, Bonnot D, et al. [Plasma levels of psoralens after celery ingestion]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1993;120:599-603. View abstract.
Murch SJ, Simmons CB, Saxena PK. Melatonin in feverfew and other medicinal plants. Lancet 1997;350:1598-9. View abstract.
Ostad SN, Soodi M, Shariffzadeh M, et al. The effect of fennel essential oil on uterine contraction as a model for dysmenorrhea, pharmacology and toxicology study. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;76:299-304.. View abstract.
Pitasawat B, Champakaew D, Choochote W, et al. Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control. Fitoterapia 2007;78:205-10. View abstract.
Rosti L, Nardini A, Bettinelli ME, Rosti D. Toxic effects of a herbal tea mixture in two newborns. Acta Paediatrica 1994;83:683. View abstract.
Savino F, Cresi F, Castagno E, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a standardized extract of Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil) in the treatment of breastfed colicky infants. Phytother Res 2005;19:335-40. View abstract.
Weizman Z, Alkrinawi S, Goldfarb D, et al. Efficacy of herbal tea preparation in infantile colic. J Pediatr 1993;122(4):650-652. View abstract.
Zhu M, Wong PY, Li RC. Effect of oral administration of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on ciprofloxacin absorption and disposition in the rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999;51:1391-6. View abstract.