Blue Gum, Blue Mallee, Blue Mallee Oil, Eucalipto, Eucalypti Folium, Eucalyptol, Eucalyptol Oil, Eucalyptus blatter, Eucalyptus bicostata, Eucalyptus Essential Oil, Eucalyptus Oil, Eucalyptus fructicetorum, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus Leaf, Eucalyptus odorata, Eucalyptus Oil, Eucalyptus polybractea, Eucalyptus smithii, Fever Tree, Fieberbaumblatter, Gully Gum, Gully Gum Oil, Gum Tree, Huile Essentielle d'Eucalyptus, Huile d'Eucalyptol, Huile d'Eucalyptus, Red Gum, Stringy Bark Tree, Sugandhapatra, Tailapatra, Tasmanian Blue Gum.
Eucalyptus is a tree. The dried leaves and oil are used to make medicine. Though eucalyptus is used medicinally for many purposes, there isn't enough scientific evidence so far to rate it as effective for any of them.
Eucalyptus leaf is used for infections, fever, upset stomach, and to help loosen coughs. The leaf is also used for treating respiratory tract infections, whooping cough, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, osteoarthritis, joint pain (rheumatism), acne, wounds, poorly healing ulcers, burns, bacterial dysentery, ringworms, liver and gallbladder problems, loss of appetite, and cancer.
Eucalyptus oil should not be taken by mouth or applied to the skin full-strength. It must be diluted for safety. The diluted oil is taken by mouth for pain and swelling (inflammation) of respiratory tract mucous membranes, coughs, bronchitis, sinus pain and inflammation, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and respiratory infections. It is also used as an expectorant to loosen coughs, antiseptic, fever reducer, and in vaporizer fluids. Other uses include treatment of wounds, burns, ulcers, and cancer.
Diluted eucalyptus oil is applied directly to the skin for pain and swelling of respiratory tract mucous membranes, joint pain, genital herpes, and nasal stuffiness. It is also used as an insect repellent.
In dentistry, eucalyptus oil is included in products used as sealers and solvents for root canal fillings.
In foods, dried eucalyptus leaf is used as a flavoring agent.
In manufacturing, eucalyptus oil is used as a fragrance in perfumes and cosmetics. It is also used as a mouthwash, antiseptic, liniment and ointment, and in toothpaste, cough drops, and lozenges.
How does it work?
Eucalyptus leaf contains chemicals that might help control blood sugar. It also contains chemicals that might have activity against bacteria and fungi. Eucalyptus oil contains chemicals that might help pain and inflammation. It might also block chemicals that cause asthma.
SLIDESHOW
Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? See SlideshowPossibly Effective for...
- Bronchitis. Some research shows that taking a specific combination product containing eucalyptol, a chemical found in eucalyptus oil, and extracts of pine and lime by mouth for at least 2 weeks improves symptoms and reduces flare-ups in people with bronchitis.
Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...
- Arthritis. Early research suggests that aromatherapy with a combination of eucalyptus oil, lavender, marjoram, rosemary, and peppermint oils might reduce pain and depression in people with arthritis.
- Asthma. Early research suggests that eucalyptol, a chemical found in eucalyptus oil, might be able to break up mucous in people with asthma. Some people with severe asthma have been able to lower their dosage of steroid medications if they take eucalyptol. But don't try this without your healthcare provider's advice and monitoring.
- Dental plaque. Early research suggests that chewing gum containing 0.3% eucalyptus extract might reduce dental plaque in some people.
- Headache. Early research suggests that applying a combination product containing eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil, and ethanol to the head does not reduce pain in people with headaches. However, the product might help people with headaches relax and think better.
- Stuffy nose.
- Wounds.
- Burns.
- Ulcers.
- Acne.
- Bleeding gums.
- Bladder diseases.
- Diabetes.
- Fever.
- Flu.
- Liver and gallbladder problems.
- Loss of appetite.
- Other conditions.
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).
Eucalyptus leaf isLIKELY SAFE when consumed in the small amounts found in foods. There isn't enough information to know if supplements that contain larger amounts of eucalyptus leaf are safe when taken by mouth.
Eucalyptol, a chemical that is removed from eucalyptus oil and used as medicine, is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth for up to 12 weeks.
Eucalyptus oil is POSSIBLY UNSAFE when applied directly to the skin without first being diluted. Eucalyptus oil is LIKELY UNSAFE when it is taken by mouth without first being diluted. Taking 3.5 mL of undiluted oil can be fatal. Signs of eucalyptus poisoning might include stomach pain and burning, dizziness, muscle weakness, small eye pupils, feelings of suffocation, and some others. Eucalyptus oil can also cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
QUESTION
Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See AnswerChildren: Eucalyptus oil is LIKELY UNSAFE for children. It should not be taken by mouth or applied to the skin. Not much is known about the safety of using eucalyptus leaves in children. It's best to avoid use in amounts larger than food amounts.
Diabetes: Early research suggests eucalyptus leaf might lower blood sugar. There is concern that using eucalyptus while taking medications for diabetes might lower blood sugar too much. Blood sugar levels should be monitored closely.
Surgery: Since eucalyptus might affect blood sugar levels, there is concern that it might make blood sugar control difficult during and after surgery. Stop using eucalyptus at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
AminopyrineInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Inhaling eucalyptol, a chemical found in eucalyptus oil, might reduce the level of aminopyrine in the blood. In theory, the effectiveness of aminopryine may be reduced in people who inhale eucalyptol.
AmphetaminesInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Inhaling eucalyptol, a chemical found in eucalyptus oil, might reduce the levels of amphetamines in the blood. In theory, the effectiveness of amphetamines may be reduced in people who inhale eucalyptol.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Eucalyptus oil might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking eucalyptus oil along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking eucalyptus oil, talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications that are changed by the liver include amitriptyline (Elavil), haloperidol (Haldol), ondansetron (Zofran), propranolol (Inderal), theophylline (Theo-Dur, others), verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, others), and others.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Eucalyptus oil might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking eucalyptus oil along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking eucalyptus oil, talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications that are changed by the liver include omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), and pantoprazole (Protonix); diazepam (Valium); carisoprodol (Soma); nelfinavir (Viracept); and others.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Eucalyptus oil might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking eucalyptus oil along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking eucalyptus oil, talk to your healthcare provider if you take any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications that are changed by the liver include diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren), ibuprofen (Motrin), meloxicam (Mobic), and piroxicam (Feldene); celecoxib (Celebrex); amitriptyline (Elavil); warfarin (Coumadin); glipizide (Glucotrol); losartan (Cozaar); and others.
Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Eucalyptus oil might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking eucalyptus oil along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking eucalyptus oil, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications changed by the liver include lovastatin (Mevacor), ketoconazole (Nizoral), itraconazole (Sporanox), fexofenadine (Allegra), triazolam (Halcion), and many others.
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Eucalyptus leaf extract might decrease blood sugar. Diabetes medications are also used to lower blood sugar. Taking eucalyptus leaf extract along with diabetes medications might cause your blood sugar to go too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed.
Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others.
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Inhaling eucalyptol, a chemical found in eucalyptus oil, might reduce the amount of pentobarbital that reaches the brain. In theory, the effectiveness of pentobarbital may be reduced in people who inhale eucalyptol.
The appropriate dose of eucalyptus depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for eucalyptus. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Ahmad, I. and Beg, A. Z. Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;74(2):113-123. View abstract.
Al Fatimi, M., Friedrich, U., and Jenett-Siems, K. Cytotoxicity of plants used in traditional medicine in Yemen. Fitoterapia 2005;76(3-4):355-358. View abstract.
Altintas, D. U., Karakoc, G. B., Yilmaz, M., Pinar, M., Kendirli, S. G., and Cakan, H. Relationship between pollen counts and weather variables in east-Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Does it affect allergic symptoms in pollen allergic children? Clin.Dev.Immunol. 2004;11(1):87-96. View abstract.
Anpalahan, M. and Le Couteur, D. G. Deliberate self-poisoning with eucalyptus oil in an elderly woman. Aust N.Z.J Med 1998;28(1):58. View abstract.
Atta, A. H. and Alkofahi, A. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of some Jordanian medicinal plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;60(2):117-124. View abstract.
Banerjee, R. and Bellare, J. R. In vitro evaluation of surfactants with eucalyptus oil for respiratory distress syndrome. Respir.Physiol 2001;126(2):141-151. View abstract.
Behrbohm, H., Kaschke, O., and Sydow, K. [Effect of the phytogenic secretolytic drug Gelomyrtol forte on mucociliary clearance of the maxillary sinus]. Laryngorhinootologie 1995;74(12):733-737. View abstract.
Benyahia, S., Benayache, S., Benayache, F., Quintana, J., Lopez, M., Leon, F., Hernandez, J. C., Estevez, F., and Bermejo, J. Isolation from Eucalyptus occidentalis and identification of a new kaempferol derivative that induces apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells. J.Nat.Prod. 2004;67(4):527-531. View abstract.
Boral, D., Chatterjee, S., and Bhattacharya, K. The occurrence and allergising potential of airborne pollen in West Bengal, India. Ann.Agric.Environ.Med 2004;11(1):45-52. View abstract.
Brantner, A. H., Asres, K., Chakraborty, A., Tokuda, H., Mou, X. Y., Mukainaka, T., Nishino, H., Stoyanova, S., and Hamburger, M. Crown gall -- a plant tumour with biological activities. Phytother.Res. 2003;17(4):385-390. View abstract.
Brecx, M., Brownstone, E., MacDonald, L., Gelskey, S., and Cheang, M. Efficacy of Listerine, Meridol and chlorhexidine mouthrinses as supplements to regular tooth cleaning measures. J Clin Periodontol. 1992;19(3):202-207. View abstract.
Brecx, M., Netuschil, L., Reichert, B., and Schreil, G. Efficacy of Listerine, Meridol and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque, gingivitis and plaque bacteria vitality. J Clin Periodontol. 1990;17(5):292-297. View abstract.
Bukar, A., Danfillo, I. S., Adeleke, O. A., and Ogunbodede, E. O. Traditional oral health practices among Kanuri women of Borno State, Nigeria. Odontostomatol.Trop. 2004;27(107):25-31. View abstract.
Burrow, A., Eccles, R., and Jones, A. S. The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapour on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryngol. 1983;96(1-2):157-161. View abstract.
Carroll, S. P. and Loye, J. Field test of a lemon eucalyptus repellent against Leptoconops biting midges. J Am Mosq.Control Assoc 2006;22(3):483-485. View abstract.
Charles, C. H., Sharma, N. C., Galustians, H. J., Qaqish, J., McGuire, J. A., and Vincent, J. W. Comparative efficacy of an antiseptic mouthrinse and an antiplaque/antigingivitis dentifrice. A six-month clinical trial. J Am Dent Assoc 2001;132(5):670-675. View abstract.
Cohen, B. M. and Dressler, W. E. Acute aromatics inhalation modifies the airways. Effects of the common cold. Respiration 1982;43(4):285-293. View abstract.
Davel, G., Abrantes, R., Brudny, M., Cordoba, S., Rodero, L., Canteros, C. E., and Perrotta, D. [1st environmental isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in Argentina]. Rev.Argent Microbiol. 2003;35(2):110-112. View abstract.
Day, L. M., Ozanne-Smith, J., Parsons, B. J., Dobbin, M., and Tibballs, J. Eucalyptus oil poisoning among young children: mechanisms of access and the potential for prevention. Aust N.Z.J Public Health 1997;21(3):297-302. View abstract.
Dennison, D. K., Meredith, G. M., Shillitoe, E. J., and Caffesse, R. G. The antiviral spectrum of Listerine antiseptic. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol.Endod. 1995;79(4):442-448. View abstract.
DePaola, L. G., Overholser, C. D., Meiller, T. F., Minah, G. E., and Niehaus, C. Chemotherapeutic inhibition of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis development. J Clin Periodontol. 1989;16(5):311-315. View abstract.
Dorow, P., Weiss, T., Felix, R., and Schmutzler, H. [Effect of a secretolytic and a combination of pinene, limonene and cineole on mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1987;37(12):1378-1381. View abstract.
Egawa, H., Tsutsui, O., Tatsuyama, K., and Hatta, T. Antifungal substances found in leaves of Eucalyptus species. Experientia (Specialia) 7-15-1977;33(7):889-890. View abstract.
Erler, F., Ulug, I., and Yalcinkaya, B. Repellent activity of five essential oils against Culex pipiens. Fitoterapia 2006;77(7-8):491-494. View abstract.
Federspil, P., Wulkow, R., and Zimmermann, T. [Effects of standardized Myrtol in therapy of acute sinusitis--results of a double-blind, randomized multicenter study compared with placebo]. Laryngorhinootologie 1997;76(1):23-27. View abstract.
Fine, D. H., Furgang, D., and Barnett, M. L. Comparative antimicrobial activities of antiseptic mouthrinses against isogenic planktonic and biofilm forms of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Periodontol. 2001;28(7):697-700. View abstract.
Fine, D. H., Furgang, D., Barnett, M. L., Drew, C., Steinberg, L., Charles, C. H., and Vincent, J. W. Effect of an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse on plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(3):157-161. View abstract.
Fisher, A. A. Allergic contact dermatitis due to thymol in Listerine for treatment of paronychia. Cutis 1989;43(6):531-532. View abstract.
Galdi, E., Perfetti, L., Calcagno, G., Marcotulli, M. C., and Moscato, G. Exacerbation of asthma related to Eucalyptus pollens and to herb infusion containing Eucalyptus. Monaldi Arch.Chest Dis. 2003;59(3):220-221. View abstract.
Gobel H and Schmidt G. Effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oil preparations on headache parameters. Zeitschrift Fur Phytotherapie 1995;16(1):23, 29-26, 33.
Gordon, J. M., Lamster, I. B., and Seiger, M. C. Efficacy of Listerine antiseptic in inhibiting the development of plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1985;12(8):697-704. View abstract.
Grassmann, J., Hippeli, S., Dornisch, K., Rohnert, U., Beuscher, N., and Elstner, E. F. Antioxidant properties of essential oils. Possible explanations for their anti-inflammatory effects. Arzneimittelforschung 2000;50(2):135-139. View abstract.
Gurr RW and Scroogie JG. Eucalyptus oil poisoning treated by dialysis and mannitol infusion with an appendix on the analysis of biological fluids for alcohol and eucalyptol. Aust Ann Med 1965;4:238-249.
Hansen B, Babiak G, Schilling M, and et al. A mixture of volatile oils in treatment of the common cold. Therapiewoche 1984;34(13):2015-2019.
Hindle, R. C. Eucalyptus oil ingestion. N.Z.Med J 5-11-1994;107(977):185-186. View abstract.
Hong, C. Z. and Shellock, F. G. Effects of a topically applied counterirritant (Eucalyptamint) on cutaneous blood flow and on skin and muscle temperatures. A placebo- controlled study. Am J Phys.Med Rehabil. 1991;70(1):29-33. View abstract.
Hou, A. J., Liu, Y. Z., Yang, H., Lin, Z. W., and Sun, H. D. Hydrolyzable tannins and related polyphenols from Eucalyptus globulus. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2000;2(3):205-212. View abstract.
Huggins, J. T., Kaplan, A., Martin-Harris, B., and Sahn, S. A. Eucalyptus as a specific irritant causing vocal cord dysfunction. Ann.Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2004;93(3):299-303. View abstract.
Jager, W., Nasel, B., Nasel, C., Binder, R., Stimpfl, T., Vycudilik, W., and Buchbauer, G. Pharmacokinetic studies of the fragrance compound 1,8-cineol in humans during inhalation. Chem Senses 1996;21(4):477-480. View abstract.
Jori, A., Bianchetti, A., Prestini, P. E., and Gerattini, S. Effect of eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) on the metabolism of other drugs in rats and in man. Eur.J Pharmacol 1970;9(3):362-366. View abstract.
Juergens, U. R. [Reducing the need for cortisone. Does eucalyptus oil work in asthma? (interview by Brigitte Moreano]. MMW.Fortschr Med 3-29-2001;143(13):14. View abstract.
Juergens, U. R., Stober, M., and Vetter, H. Inhibition of cytokine production and arachidonic acid metabolism by eucalyptol (1.8-cineole) in human blood monocytes in vitro. Eur J Med Res 11-17-1998;3(11):508-510. View abstract.
Juergens, U. R., Stober, M., Schmidt-Schilling, L., Kleuver, T., and Vetter, H. Antiinflammatory effects of euclyptol (1.8-cineole) in bronchial asthma: inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood monocytes ex vivo. Eur J Med Res 9-17-1998;3(9):407-412. View abstract.
Kelloway, J. S., Wyatt, N. N., Adlis, S., and Schoenwetter, W. F. Does using a mouthwash instead of water improve the oropharyngeal removal of inhaled flovent (fluticasone propionate)? Allergy Asthma Proc 2001;22(6):367-371. View abstract.
Kim, M. J., Nam, E. S., and Paik, S. I. [The effects of aromatherapy on pain, depression, and life satisfaction of arthritis patients]. Taehan Kanho.Hakhoe.Chi 2005;35(1):186-194. View abstract.
Kumar A, Sharma VD, Sing AK, and et al. Antibacterial properties of different Eucalyptus oils. Fitoterapia 1988;59(2):141-144.
Lamster IB. The effect of Listerine antiseptic on reduction of existing plaque and gingivitis. Clin Prev Dent 1983;5:12-16.
Lawler, I. R., Foley, W. J., Pass, G. J., and Eschler, B. M. Administration of a 5HT3 receptor antagonist increases the intake of diets containing Eucalyptus secondary metabolites by marsupials. J Comp Physiol [B] 1998;168(8):611-618. View abstract.
Mahdi, N. K., Gany, Z. H., and Sharief, M. Alternative drugs against Trichomonas vaginalis. East Mediterr.Health J 2006;12(5):679-684. View abstract.
Maruniak, J., Clark, W. B., Walker, C. B., Magnusson, I., Marks, R. G., Taylor, M., and Clouser, B. The effect of 3 mouthrinses on plaque and gingivitis development. J Clin Periodontol. 1992;19(1):19-23. View abstract.
Matthys, H., de Mey, C., Carls, C., Rys, A., Geib, A., and Wittig, T. Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis. A multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group clinical trial vs. cefuroxime and ambroxol. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;50(8):700-711. View abstract.
McKenzie, W. T., Forgas, L., Vernino, A. R., Parker, D., and Limestall, J. D. Comparison of a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse and an essential oil mouthrinse on oral health in institutionalized, mentally handicapped adults: one-year results. J Periodontol. 1992;63(3):187-193. View abstract.
McLean, S. and Foley, W. J. Metabolism of Eucalyptus terpenes by herbivorous marsupials. Drug Metab Rev 1997;29(1-2):213-218. View abstract.
Meister, R., Wittig, T., Beuscher, N., and de Mey, C. Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Study Group Investigators. Arzneimittelforschung. 1999;49(4):351-358. View abstract.
Minah, G. E., DePaola, L. G., Overholser, C. D., Meiller, T. F., Niehaus, C., Lamm, R. A., Ross, N. M., and Dills, S. S. Effects of 6 months use of an antiseptic mouthrinse on supragingival dental plaque microflora. J Clin Periodontol. 1989;16(6):347-352. View abstract.
Miyazawa, M., Shindo, M., and Shimada, T. Oxidation of 1,8-cineole, the monoterpene cyclic ether originated from eucalyptus polybractea, by cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in rat and human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001;29(2):200-205. View abstract.
Miyazawa, M., Sugie, A., and Shimada, T. Roles of human CYP2A6 and 2B6 and rat CYP2C11 and 2B1 in the 10-hydroxylation of (-)-verbenone by liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003;31(8):1049-1053. View abstract.
Morse, D. R. and Wilcko, J. M. Gutta percha-eucapercha: a pilot clinical study. Gen.Dent. 1980;28(3):24-9, 32. View abstract.
Nelson, R. F., Rodasti, P. C., Tichnor, A., and Lio, Y. L. Comparative study of four over-the-counter mouthrinses claiming antiplaque and/or antigingivitis benefits. Clin Prev.Dent. 1991;13(6):30-33. View abstract.
Neve, J., Leone, P. A., Carroll, A. R., Moni, R. W., Paczkowski, N. J., Pierens, G., Bjorquist, P., Deinum, J., Ehnebom, J., Inghardt, T., Guymer, G., Grimshaw, P., and Quinn, R. J. Sideroxylonal C, a new inhibitor of human plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1, from the flowers of Eucalyptus albens. J Nat.Prod. 1999;62(2):324-326. View abstract.
Ngo, S. N., McKinnon, R. A., and Stupans, I. The effects of Eucalyptus terpenes on hepatic cytochrome P450 CYP4A, peroxisomal Acyl CoA oxidase (AOX) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in the common brush tail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Comp Biochem.Physiol C.Toxicol.Pharmacol 2003;136(2):165-173. View abstract.
Osawa, K., Yasuda, H., Morita, H., Takeya, K., and Itokawa, H. Macrocarpals H, I, and J from the Leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. J Nat Prod 1996;59(9):823-827. View abstract.
Overholser, C. D., Meiller, T. F., DePaola, L. G., Minah, G. E., and Niehaus, C. Comparative effects of 2 chemotherapeutic mouthrinses on the development of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1990;17(8):575-579. View abstract.
Pan, P., Barnett, M. L., Coelho, J., Brogdon, C., and Finnegan, M. B. Determination of the in situ bactericidal activity of an essential oil mouthrinse using a vital stain method. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(4):256-261. View abstract.
Pass, G. J., McLean, S., Stupans, I., and Davies, N. Microsomal metabolism of the terpene 1,8-cineole in the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), rat and human. Xenobiotica 2001;31(4):205-221. View abstract.
Patel S and Wiggins J. Eucalyptus oil poisoning. Arch Dis Child 1980;55:405-406.
Pitts, G., Brogdon, C., Hu, L., Masurat, T., Pianotti, R., and Schumann, P. Mechanism of action of an antiseptic, anti-odor mouthwash. J Dent.Res 1983;62(6):738-742. View abstract.
Pizsolitto AC, Mancini B, Fracalanzza L, and et al. Determination of antibacterial activity of essential oils officialized by the Brazilian pharmacopeia, 2nd edition. Chem Abstr 1977;86:12226s.
Riechelmann, H., Brommer, C., Hinni, M., and Martin, C. Response of human ciliated respiratory cells to a mixture of menthol, eucalyptus oil and pine needle oil. Arzneimittelforschung 1997;47(9):1035-1039. View abstract.
Ross NM, Charles CH, and Dills SS. Long-term effects of Listerine antiseptic on dental plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Dentistry 1988;1(4):92-95.
Salari, M. H., Amine, G., Shirazi, M. H., Hafezi, R., and Mohammadypour, M. Antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract on pathogenic bacteria isolated from specimens of patients with respiratory tract disorders. Clin Microbiol.Infect. 2006;12(2):194-196. View abstract.
Santos, F. A. and Rao, V. S. Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive effects of 1,8-cineole a terpenoid oxide present in many plant essential oils. Phytother Res 2000;14(4):240-244. View abstract.
Sartorelli, P., Marquioreto, A. D., Amaral-Baroli, A., Lima, M. E., and Moreno, P. R. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from two species of Eucalyptus. Phytother Res 2007;21(3):231-233. View abstract.
Sato, S., Yoshinuma, N., Ito, K., Tokumoto, T., Takiguchi, T., Suzuki, Y., and Murai, S. The inhibitory effect of funoran and eucalyptus extract-containing chewing gum on plaque formation. J Oral Sci 1998;40(3):115-117. View abstract.
Schnitzler, P., Schon, K., and Reichling, J. Antiviral activity of Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture. Pharmazie 2001;56(4):343-347. View abstract.
Sengespeik, H. C., Zimmermann, T., Peiske, C., and de Mey, C. [Myrtol standardized in the treatment of acute and chronic respiratory infections in children. A multicenter post-marketing surveillance study]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1998;48(10):990-994. View abstract.
Shahi, S. K., Shukla, A. C., Bajaj, A. K., Banerjee, U., Rimek, D., Midgely, G., and Dikshit, A. Broad spectrum herbal therapy against superficial fungal infections. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2000;13(1):60-64. View abstract.
Siurin, S. A. [Effects of essential oil on lipid peroxidation and lipid metabolism in patients with chronic bronchitis]. Klin.Med (Mosk) 1997;75(10):43-45. View abstract.
Soo Hoo, G. W., Hinds, R. L., Dinovo, E., and Renner, S. W. Fatal large-volume mouthwash ingestion in an adult: a review and the possible role of phenolic compound toxicity. J.Intensive Care Med. 2003;18(3):150-155. View abstract.
Spiridonov, N. A., Arkhipov, V. V., Foigel, A. G., Shipulina, L. D., and Fomkina, M. G. Protonophoric and uncoupling activity of royleanones from Salvia officinalis and euvimals from Eucalyptus viminalis. Phytother.Res. 2003;17(10):1228-1230. View abstract.
Spoerke, D. G., Vandenberg, S. A., Smolinske, S. C., Kulig, K., and Rumack, B. H. Eucalyptus oil: 14 cases of exposure. Vet Hum.Toxicol 1989;31(2):166-168. View abstract.
Stead, L. F. and Lancaster, T. Nicobrevin for smoking cessation. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2006;(2):CD005990. View abstract.
Takarada, K., Kimizuka, R., Takahashi, N., Honma, K., Okuda, K., and Kato, T. A comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of essential oils against oral pathogens. Oral Microbiol.Immunol 2004;19(1):61-64. View abstract.
Takasaki, M., Konoshima, T., Fujitani, K., Yoshida, S., Nishimura, H., Tokuda, H., Nishino, H., Iwashima, A., and Kozuka, M. Inhibitors of skin-tumor promotion. VIII. Inhibitory effects of euglobals and their related compounds on Epstein-Barr virus activation. (1). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1990;38(10):2737-2739. View abstract.
Takasaki, M., Konoshima, T., Kozuka, M., and Tokuda, H. Anti-tumor-promoting activities of euglobals from Eucalyptus plants. Biol.Pharm Bull. 1995;18(3):435-438. View abstract.
Tarasova, G. D., Krutikova, N. M., Pekli, F. F., and Vichkanova, S. A. [Experience in the use of eucalymine in acute inflammatory ENT diseases in children]. Vestn Otorinolaringol. 1998;(6):48-50. View abstract.
Tascini, C., Ferranti, S., Gemignani, G., Messina, F., and Menichetti, F. Clinical microbiological case: fever and headache in a heavy consumer of eucalyptus extract. Clin Microbiol.Infect. 2002;8(7):437, 445-437, 446. View abstract.
Thom E and Wollan T. A controlled clinical study of Kanjang mixture in the treatment of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infections. Phytother Res 1997;11(3):207-210.
Tibballs, J. Clinical effects and management of eucalyptus oil ingestion in infants and young children. Med J Aust 8-21-1995;163(4):177-180. View abstract.
Tovey, E. R. and McDonald, L. G. A simple washing procedure with eucalyptus oil for controlling house dust mites and their allergens in clothing and bedding. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100(4):464-466. View abstract.
Trigg JK and Hill N. Laboratory evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against four biting arthropods. Phytother Res 1996;10:313-316.
Trigg, J. K. Evaluation of a eucalyptus-based repellent against Anopheles spp. in Tanzania. J Am Mosq.Control Assoc 1996;12(2 Pt 1):243-246. View abstract.
Ulmer, W. T. and Schott, D. [Chronic obstructive bronchitis. Effect of Gelomyrtol forte in a placebo-controlled double-blind study]. Fortschr Med 9-20-1991;109(27):547-550. View abstract.
Vilaplana, J. and Romaguera, C. Allergic contact dermatitis due to eucalyptol in an anti-inflammatory cream. Contact Dermatitis 2000;43(2):118. View abstract.
Warnke, P. H., Sherry, E., Russo, P. A., Acil, Y., Wiltfang, J., Sivananthan, S., Sprengel, M., Roldan, J. C., Schubert, S., Bredee, J. P., and Springer, I. N. Antibacterial essential oils in malodorous cancer patients: clinical observations in 30 patients. Phytomedicine 2006;13(7):463-467. View abstract.
Webb, N. J. and Pitt, W. R. Eucalyptus oil poisoning in childhood: 41 cases in south-east Queensland. J Paediatr.Child Health 1993;29(5):368-371. View abstract.
Westermeyer, R. R. and Terpolilli, R. N. Cardiac asystole after mouthwash ingestion: a case report and review of the contents. Mil.Med 2001;166(9):833-835. View abstract.
Yang, P. and Ma, Y. Repellent effect of plant essential oils against Aedes albopictus. J Vector.Ecol 2005;30(2):231-234. View abstract.
Yang, X. W., Guo, Q. M., Wang, Y., Xu, W., Tian, L., and Tian, X. J. Intestinal permeability of antivirus constituents from the fruits of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in Caco-2 Cell Model. Bioorg.Med Chem Lett 2-15-2007;17(4):1107-1111. View abstract.
Yu, D., Pearson, S. K., Bowen, W. H., Luo, D., Kohut, B. E., and Harper, D. S. Caries inhibition efficacy of an antiplaque/antigingivitis dentifrice. Am J Dent 2000;13(Spec No):14C-17C. View abstract.
Yukna, R. A., Broxson, A. W., Mayer, E. T., and Brite, D. V. Comparison of Listerine mouthwash and periodontal dressing following periodontal flap surgery. I. Initial findings. Clin Prev.Dent 1986;8(4):14-19. View abstract.
Zhou, J. Y., Tang, F. D., Mao, G. G., and Bian, R. L. Effect of alpha-pinene on nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B in THP-1 cells. Acta Pharmacol.Sin. 2004;25(4):480-484. View abstract.
Zhou, J. Y., Tang, F. D., Mao, G. G., Shao, J., Wang, Y., and Bian, R. L. [Effect of eucalyptus globulus oil on activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in THP-1 cells]. Zhejiang.Da.Xue.Xue.Bao.Yi.Xue.Ban. 2003;32(4):315-8, 326. View abstract.
Zhu, J., Zeng, X., Yanma, Liu, T., Qian, K., Han, Y., Xue, S., Tucker, B., Schultz, G., Coats, J., Rowley, W., and Zhang, A. Adult repellency and larvicidal activity of five plant essential oils against mosquitoes. J Am Mosq.Control Assoc 2006;22(3):515-522. View abstract.
Burkhard PR, Burkhardt K, Haenggeli CA, Landis T. Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem. J Neurol 1999;246:667-70. View abstract.
Charles, C. H., Vincent, J. W., Borycheski, L., Amatnieks, Y., Sarina, M., Qaqish, J., and Proskin, H. M. Effect of an essential oil-containing dentifrice on dental plaque microbial composition. Am J Dent 2000;13(Spec No):26C-30C. View abstract.
Darben T, Cominos B, Lee CT. Topical eucalyptus oil poisoning. Australas J Dermatol 1998;39:265-7. View abstract.
De Vincenzi M, Silano M, De Vincenzi A, et al. Constituents of aromatic plants: eucalyptol. Fitoterapia 2002;73:269-75. View abstract.
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
Gardulf A, Wohlfart I, Gustafson R. A prospective cross-over field trial shows protection of lemon eucalyptus extract against tick bites. J Med Entomol 2004;41:1064-7. View abstract.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D. Effect of peppermint and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Cephalalgia 1994;14:228-34;discussion 182. View abstract.
Gray AM, Flatt PR. Antihyperglycemic actions of Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus) are associated with pancreatic and extra-pancreatic effects in mice. J Nutr 1998;128:2319-23. View abstract.
Juergens UR, Dethlefsen U, Steinkamp G, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of 1.8-cineol (eucalyptol) in bronchial asthma: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Respir Med 2003;97:250-6. View abstract.
Ramsewak RS, Nair MG, Stommel M, Selanders L. In vitro antagonistic activity of monoterpenes and their mixtures against 'toe nail fungus' pathogens. Phytother Res 2003;17:376-9.. View abstract.
Silva J, Abebe W, Sousa SM, et al. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;89:277-83. View abstract.
Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Bailey CJ, Flatt PR. Traditional plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetologia 1990;33:462-4. View abstract.
Takahashi T, Kokubo R, Sakaino M. Antimicrobial activities of eucalyptus leaf extracts and flavonoids from Eucalyptus maculata. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004;39:60-4. View abstract.
Unger M, Frank A. Simultaneous determination of the inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on the activity of six major cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated online extraction. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004;18:2273-81. View abstract.
Vigo E, Cepeda A, Gualillo O, Perez-Fernandez R. In-vitro anti-inflammatory effect of Eucalyptus globulus and Thymus vulgaris: nitric oxide inhibition in J774A.1 murine macrophages. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004;56:257-63. View abstract.
White RD, Swick RA, Cheeke PR. Effects of microsomal enzyme induction on the toxicity of pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids. J Toxicol Environ Health 1983;12:633-40. View abstract.
Whitman BW, Ghazizadeh H. Eucalyptus oil: therapeutic and toxic aspects of pharmacology in humans and animals. J Paediatr Child Health 1994;30:190-1. View abstract.