Arbre à Cola, Arbre à Kola, Bissey Nut, Bissy Nut, Cola acuminata, Cola nitida, Guru Nut, Gworo, Kola Nut, Kolatier, Noix de Cola, Noix de Gourou, Noix de Kola, Noix du Kolatier, Noix de Soudan, Noix du Soudan, Nuez de Cola, Soudan Coffee, Sterculia acuminata, Sterculia nitida.
Cola nut is the seed of the cola nut plant. Cola nut is used widely in Nigeria and many West African countries as part of traditional hospitality, cultural, and social ceremonies. It is also used to make medicine.
Cola nut is used for short-term relief of fatigue, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), melancholy, lack of normal muscle tone (atony), exhaustion, dysentery, a type of diarrhea called atonic diarrhea, weight loss, and migraine headaches.
In foods and beverages, cola nut is used as a flavoring ingredient.
How does it work?
Cola nut contains caffeine. Caffeine works by stimulating the central nervous system (CNS), heart, and muscles.
QUESTION
Next to red peppers, you can get the most vitamin C from ________________. See AnswerInsufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for...
- Weight loss. Some early research, sponsored by a product manufacturer, suggests that taking cola nut in combination with ephedra and willow bark by mouth for up to 6 months might cause modest weight loss in overweight and obese people. But this combination might not be appropriate for weight loss due to safety concerns related to ephedra. Ephedra is banned in the U.S. due to severe adverse effects.
- Depression.
- Exhaustion.
- Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).
- Dysentery.
- Diarrhea.
- Anorexia.
- Migraines.
- Mental and physical fatigue.
- Other conditions.
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database rates effectiveness based on scientific evidence according to the following scale: Effective, Likely Effective, Possibly Effective, Possibly Ineffective, Likely Ineffective, and Insufficient Evidence to Rate (detailed description of each of the ratings).
Cola nut is LIKELY SAFE for most people when consumed in amounts found in foods.
Cola nut is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth in medicinal amounts, short-term. The caffeine in cola nut can cause insomnia, nervousness and restlessness, stomach irritation, nausea and vomiting, increased heart rate and respiration, and other side effects.
When cola nut is used medicinally in larger amounts or for a long period of time, it is POSSIBLY UNSAFE. Chewing cola nut is associated with an increased risk of mouth cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. Also, due to its caffeine content, large amounts of cola nut might cause headache, anxiety, agitation, ringing in the ears, and irregular heartbeats. Stopping the use of caffeine suddenly can sometimes result in headaches, irritation, nervousness, anxiety, and dizziness.
Taking cola nut by mouth in very large doses is LIKELY UNSAFE due to its caffeine content. Very high doses of caffeine can cause death. The fatal dose is estimated to be about 10-14 grams; that's 150-200 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body weight.
SLIDESHOW
Vitamin D Deficiency: How Much Vitamin D Is Enough? See SlideshowPregnancy and breast-feeding: Cola nut is POSSIBLY SAFE when consumed during pregnancy and breast-feeding in food amounts. But larger amounts are POSSIBLY UNSAFE, as larger doses might provide too much caffeine for both pregnant and breast-feeding women. Mothers should keep caffeine consumption below 200 mg per day. This is similar to the amount of caffeine found in about 2 cups of coffee. Consuming larger amounts during pregnancy might increase the chance of miscarriage, early delivery, and low birth weight. Caffeine passes into breast milk, so nursing mothers should closely monitor cola nut intake to make sure it is on the low side. Caffeine from cola nut can cause sleep disturbances, irritability, and increased bowel activity in breast-fed infants.
Anxiety disorders: The caffeine in cola nut might make anxiety disorders worse.
Bleeding disorders: Cola nut contains caffeine, which might slow blood clotting. This makes some experts worry that cola nut might make bleeding disorders worse.
Heart conditions: Caffeine in cola nut might cause irregular heartbeat in certain people. Use cola nut with care if you have a heart condition.
Diabetes: Cola nut contains caffeine. Some research suggests that caffeine may affect the way the body uses sugar and might worsen diabetes. But the effect of caffeinated beverages and herbs has not been studied. Use cola nut with caution if you have diabetes.
Diarrhea: Cola nut contains caffeine. Caffeine, especially when taken in large amounts, can worsen diarrhea.
Glaucoma: The caffeine in cola nut might increase pressure inside the eye. The increase might occur within 30 minutes and persist for at least 90 minutes.
High blood pressure: The caffeine in cola nut might increase blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. However, this doesn't seem to occur in people who regularly consume cola nut or other products that contain caffeine.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Cola nut contains caffeine. Caffeine, especially when taken in large amounts, can worsen diarrhea and might worsen symptoms of IBS.
Weak bones (osteoporosis): The caffeine in cola nut might increase the amount of calcium that is flushed out in the urine. If you have osteoporosis or low bone density, caffeine should be limited to less than 300 mg per day (approximately 2-3 cups of coffee). It's also a good idea to get extra calcium to make up for the amount that may be lost in the urine. Older women with an inherited disorder that affects the way vitamin D is used should use caffeine with caution. Vitamin D works with calcium to build bones.
Surgery: Cola nut might affect blood sugar levels. There is a concern that it could interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery. Stop using cola nut at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
AmphetaminesInteraction Rating: Major Do not take this combination.
Stimulant drugs such as amphetamines speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and increase your heart rate. The caffeine in cola nut might also speed up the nervous system. Taking caffeine along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking stimulant drugs along with cola nut.
CocaineInteraction Rating: Major Do not take this combination.
Stimulant drugs such as cocaine speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and increase your heart rate. The caffeine in cola nut might also speed up the nervous system. Taking cola nut along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking stimulant drugs along with cola nut.
EphedrineInteraction Rating: Major Do not take this combination.
Stimulant drugs speed up the nervous system. The caffeine in cola nut and ephedrine are both stimulant drugs. Taking cola nut along with ephedrine might cause too much stimulation and sometimes serious side effects and heart problems. Do not take caffeine-containing products such as cola nut and ephedrine at the same time.
Adenosine (Adenocard)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. The caffeine in cola nut might block the effects of adenosine (Adenocard). Adenosine (Adenocard) is often used by doctors to do a test on the heart. This test is called a cardiac stress test. Stop consuming cola nut or other caffeine-containing products at least 24 hours before a cardiac stress test.
AlcoholInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in cola nut to get rid of it. Alcohol can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking cola nut along with alcohol might cause too much caffeine in the bloodstream and caffeine side effects including jitteriness, headache, and fast heartbeat.
Antibiotics (Quinolone antibiotics)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in cola nut to get rid of it. Some antibiotics might decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking these antibiotics along with cola nut might increase the risk of side effects including jitteriness, headache, increased heart rate, and other side effects.
Some antibiotics that decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine include ciprofloxacin (Cipro), enoxacin (Penetrex), norfloxacin (Chibroxin, Noroxin), sparfloxacin (Zagam), trovafloxacin (Trovan), and grepafloxacin (Raxar).
Clozapine (Clozaril)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down clozapine (Clozaril) to get rid of it. The caffeine in cola nut might decrease how quickly the body breaks down clozapine (Clozaril). Taking cola nut along with clozapine (Clozaril) might increase the effects and side effects of clozapine (Clozaril).
Dipyridamole (Persantine)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. The caffeine in cola nut might block the effects of dipyridamole (Persantine). Dipyridamole (Persantine) is often used by doctors to do a test on the heart. This test is called a cardiac stress test. Stop consuming cola nut or other caffeine-containing products at least 24 hours before a cardiac stress test.
Disulfiram (Antabuse)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in cola nut to get rid of it. Disulfiram (Antabuse) can decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. Taking cola nut along with disulfiram (Antabuse) might increase the effects and side effects of caffeine including jitteriness, hyperactivity, irritability, and others.
EstrogensInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in cola nut to get rid of it. Estrogens can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking estrogens along with cola nut might cause jitteriness, headache, fast heartbeat, and other side effects. If you take estrogens, limit your caffeine intake.
Some estrogen pills include conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin), ethinyl estradiol, estradiol, and others.
Fluvoxamine (Luvox)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in cola nut to get rid of it. Fluvoxamine (Luvox) can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking caffeine along with fluvoxamine (Luvox) might cause too much caffeine in the body, and increase the effects and side effects of caffeine.
LithiumInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Your body naturally gets rid of lithium. The caffeine in cola nut can increase how quickly your body gets rid of lithium. If you take products that contain caffeine and you take lithium, stop taking caffeine products slowly. Stopping caffeine too quickly can increase the side effects of lithium.
Medications for asthma (Beta-adrenergic agonists)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. Caffeine can stimulate the heart. Some medications for asthma can also stimulate the heart. Taking cola nut with some medications for asthma might cause too much stimulation and cause heart problems.
Some medications for asthma include albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin, Volmax), metaproterenol (Alupent), terbutaline (Bricanyl, Brethine), and isoproterenol (Isuprel).
Medications for depression (MAOIs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. Caffeine can stimulate the body. Some medications used for depression can also stimulate the body. Taking cola nut with these medications used for depression might cause too much stimulation. This could cause serious side effects including fast heartbeat, high blood pressure, nervousness, and others.
Some of these medications used for depression include phenelzine (Nardil), tranylcypromine (Parnate), and others.
Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant / Antiplatelet drugs)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. Caffeine might slow blood clotting. Using caffeine containing substances, such as cola nut, along with medications that slow clotting might increase the risk of bleeding.
Some of these drugs include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin), dipyridamole (Persantine), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
NicotineInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Stimulant drugs such as nicotine speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and increase your heart rate. The caffeine in cola nut might also speed up the nervous system. Taking caffeine along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure. Avoid taking stimulant drugs along with caffeine.
Pentobarbital (Nembutal)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The stimulant effects of the caffeine in cola nut might block the sleep-producing effects of pentobarbital.
PhenylpropanolamineInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The caffeine in cola nut can stimulate the body. Phenylpropanolamine can also stimulate the body. Taking cola nut along with phenylpropanolamine might cause too much stimulation and increase heartbeat, blood pressure, and cause nervousness.
Riluzole (Rilutek)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down riluzole (Rilutek) to get rid of it. Taking cola nut might decrease how fast the body breaks down riluzole (Rilutek) and increase the effects and side effects of riluzole.
Stimulant drugsInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Stimulant drugs speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can make you feel jittery and speed up your heart rate. Caffeine in cola nut might also speed up the nervous system. Taking cola nut along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure.
Some stimulant drugs include diethylpropion (Tenuate), epinephrine, phentermine (Ionamin), pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), and many others.
TheophyllineInteraction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. Caffeine works similarly to theophylline. Caffeine can also decrease how quickly the body gets rid of theophylline. Taking cola nut along with theophylline might increase the effects and side effects of theophylline.
Verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan)Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in cola nut to get rid of it. Verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) can decrease how fast the body gets rid of caffeine. Taking cola nut along with verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan) can increase the risk of side effects from caffeine including jitteriness, headache, and an increased heartbeat.
Birth control pills (Contraceptive drugs)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in cola nut to get rid of it. Birth control pills can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking cola nut along with birth control pills might cause jitteriness, headache, fast heartbeat, and other side effects.
Some birth control pills include ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (Triphasil), ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (Ortho-Novum 1/35, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7), and others.
Cimetidine (Tagamet)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
The body breaks down the caffeine in cola nut to get rid of it. Cimetidine (Tagamet) can decrease how quickly your body breaks down caffeine. Taking cimetidine (Tagamet) along with cola nut might increase the chance of caffeine side effects including jitteriness, headache, fast heartbeat, and others.
Fluconazole (Diflucan)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Fluconazole (Diflucan) might decrease how quickly the body gets rid of caffeine. This could cause caffeine to stay in the body too long and increase the risk of side effects such as nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia.
Medications for diabetes (Antidiabetes drugs)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. There is conflicting evidence that caffeine might either increase or decrease blood sugar. Diabetes medications are used to lower blood sugar. Taking some medications for diabetes along with caffeine-containing substances such as cola nut might decrease the effectiveness of diabetes medications. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed.
Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others.
Mexiletine (Mexitil)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. The body breaks down caffeine to get rid of it. Mexiletine (Mexitil) can decrease how quickly the body breaks down caffeine. Taking cola nut along with mexiletine (Mexitil) might increase the effects and side effects of caffeine.
Terbinafine (Lamisil)Interaction Rating: Minor Be cautious with this combination.Talk with your health provider.
Cola nut contains caffeine. The body breaks down the caffeine in cola nut to get rid of it. Terbinafine (Lamisil) can decrease how fast the body gets rid of caffeine. Taking cola nut along with terbinafine (Lamisil) can increase the risk of caffeine side effects including jitteriness, headache, and an increased heartbeat.
The appropriate dose of cola nut depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for cola nut. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
ADEDIRE, CO and BALOGUN RA. AMYLASE ACTIVITY IN THE GUT HOMOGENATE OF THE KOLA WEEVIL, SOPHRORHINUS-INSPERATUS FAUST AND ITS RESPONSE TO INHIBITORS FROM KOLA NUTS. INSECT SCIENCE AND ITS APPLICATION 1992;13(2):223-230.
ADEDIRE, CO. DISTRIBUTION OF CARBOHYDRASES AND PROTEASES IN THE INTESTINE OF THE KOLA NUT WEEVIL, SOPHRORHINUS-INSPERATUS FAUST (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) AND RESPONSE OF PROTEASES TO INHIBITORS FROM KOLA NUTS. APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOG 1994;29(3):331-338.
Adeleye, I. A. and Opiah, L. Antimicrobial activity of extracts of local cough mixtures on upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. West Indian Med J 2003;52(3):188-190. View abstract.
Adeyeye, E. I., Asaolu, S. S., and Aluko, A. O. Amino acid composition of two masticatory nuts (Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola) and a snack nut (Anacardium occidentale). Int J Food Sci Nutr 2007;58(4):241-249. View abstract.
Agatha, M., Breckenridge, C., and Soyemi, E. A. Some preliminary observations on the effects of kola nut on the cardiovascular system. Niger.Med J 1978;8(6):501-505. View abstract.
Ajarem, J. S. Effects of fresh kola-nut extract (Cola nitida) on the locomotor activities of male mice. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1990;16(4):10-15. View abstract.
Ajayi, O. B. and Ukwade, M. T. Caffeine and intraocular pressure in a Nigerian population. J Glaucoma. 2001;10(1):25-31. View abstract.
Al-Hazmi MA. Effects of the alkaloid fraction of kola nuts, Cola nitida, or its mixture, on the social behaviour of laboratory mice. PHYTON-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2000;67:93-101.
Alaribe AAA, Ejezie GC, and Ezedinachi ENU. The role of kola nut (Cola nitida) in the etiology of malaria morbidity. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2003;41(6):458-462.
Andrews, K. W., Schweitzer, A., Zhao, C., Holden, J. M., Roseland, J. M., Brandt, M., Dwyer, J. T., Picciano, M. F., Saldanha, L. G., Fisher, K. D., Yetley, E., Betz, J. M., and Douglass, L. The caffeine contents of dietary supplements commonly purchased in the US: analysis of 53 products with caffeine-containing ingredients. Anal.Bioanal.Chem 2007;389(1):231-239. View abstract.
Arogba SS. Studies on kolanut and cashew kernels: moisture adsorption isotherm, proximate composition, and functional properties. FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999;67(3):223-228.
Ashri, N. and Gazi, M. More unusual pigmentations of the gingiva. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;70(4):445-449. View abstract.
Asogwa, S. E. Kola nut and road traffic accidents in Nigeria. Am J Public Health 1978;68(12):1228. View abstract.
Atawodi, S. E., Mende, P., Pfundstein, B., Preussmann, R., and Spiegelhalder, B. Nitrosatable amines and nitrosamide formation in natural stimulants: Cola acuminata, C. nitida and Garcinia cola. Food Chem Toxicol. 1995;33(8):625-630. View abstract.
Atawodi, S. E., Pfundstein, B., Haubner, R., Spiegelhalder, B., Bartsch, H., and Owen, R. W. Content of polyphenolic compounds in the Nigerian stimulants Cola nitida ssp. alba, Cola nitida ssp. rubra A. Chev, and Cola acuminata Schott & Endl and their antioxidant capacity. J Agric Food Chem 11-28-2007;55(24):9824-9828. View abstract.
Atolaiye BO, Adebayo MA, Jagha OOO, Olonisakin A, and Agbo CO. Evaluation of the potency of certain substances as antioxidants in the assessment of red cell viability. SO JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS RESEARCH 2009;3(6):485-492.
Baltassat-Millet F, Ferry S, and Dorche J. Determination of caffeine in pharmaceutical raw materials. Comparison between the method of the French Pharmacopoeia and a new HPLC method. Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises 1980;16(1):69-75.
Banjoko SO, Ogunleye AO, and Babalola OO. Assessment of probable anorectic effect of kolanut (Cola nitida) in Albino rats. THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING 2007;29(4):138.
Beattie GB. Soft drink flavors, their history and characteristics. Part I. Cola or Kola flavors. Flavour Ind 1970;1:390-394.
Benie, T. and Thieulant, M. L. Mechanisms underlying antigonadotropic effects of some traditional plant extracts in pituitary cell culture. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(2-3):157-164. View abstract.
Benie, T., Duval, J., and Thieulant, M. L. Effects of some traditional plant extracts on rat oestrous cycle compared with Clomid. Phytother.Res 2003;17(7):748-755. View abstract.
Benie, T., el, Izzi A., Tahiri, C., Duval, J., and Thieulant, M. L. [Natural substances regulating fertility. Effect of plant extracts in the Ivory Coast pharmacopoeia on the release of LH by hypophyseal cells in culture]. C.R.Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1987;181(2):163-167. View abstract.
Browning, D. J. West African crystalline maculopathy. Ophthalmology 2004;111(5):921-925. View abstract.
Burdock, G. A., Carabin, I. G., and Crincoli, C. M. Safety assessment of kola nut extract as a food ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47(8):1725-1732. View abstract.
Chukwu LO, Odiete WO, and Briggs LS. Basal metabolic regulatory responses and rhythmic activity of mammalian heart to aqueous kola nut extracts. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2006;5(5):484-486.
Daels-Rakotoarison, D. A., Kouakou, G., Gressier, B., Dine, T., Brunet, C., Luyckx, M., Bailleul, F., and Trotin, F. Effects of a caffeine-free Cola nitida nuts extract on elastase/alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor balance. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;89(1):143-150. View abstract.
Douglas JS. Masticatories: their origin, purpose and derivation. Flavour Ind 1971;2:152-154.
DRUCKERBROWN S. THE COURT AND THE KOLA NUT - WOOING AND WITNESSING IN NORTHERN GHANA. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE 1995;1(1):129-143.
EGBE NE and OLANIRAN YAO. KOLA (COLA-NITIDA) NUTRITION - THE EFFECT OF BORON DEFICIENCY ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS. CAFE CACAO THE 1980;24(3):189-194.
Egbochuku, E. O and Akerele, J. O. Stimulant Use as Correlate of Abusive Behavior among Nigerian Undergraduates. College Student Journal 2007;41(1):50-58.
Eneje RC, Oguike PC, and Osuaku S. Temporal variations in organic carbon, soil reactivity and aggregate stability in soils of contrasting cropping history. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007;6(4):369-374.
Ettarh RR, Okoosi SA, and Eteng MU. The influence of kolanut (Cola nitida) on exploratory behaviour in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2000;38(4):281-283.
Fillmore, C. M., Bartoli, L., Bach, R., and Park, Y. Nutrition and dietary supplements. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 1999;10(3):673-703. View abstract.
Fontenot, K., Naragoni, S., Claville, M., and Gray, W. Characterization of Bizzy Nut extracts in estrogen-responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol 4-1-2007;220(1):25-32. View abstract.
Fraser, H. S., Bulpitt, C. J., Kahn, C., Mould, G., Mucklow, J. C., and Dollery, C. T. Factors affecting antipyrine metabolism in West African villagers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;20(3):369-376. View abstract.
Fraser, H. S., Mucklow, J. C., Bulpitt, C. J., Khan, C., Mould, G., and Dollery, C. T. Environmental effects on antipyrine half-life in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977;22(5 Pt 2):799-808. View abstract.
Freudenberg K and Oehler L. The catechine of the kola nut. JUSTUS LIEBIGS ANNALEN DER CHEMIE 1930;483:140-143.
Holcombe, C., Kaluba, J., and Lucas, S. B. Non-ulcer dyspepsia in Nigeria: a case-control study. Trans.R.Soc Trop.Med Hyg. 1991;85(4):553-555. View abstract.
Holcombe, C., Omotara, B. A., Padonu, M. K., and Bassi, A. P. The prevalence of symptoms of dyspepsia in north eastern Nigeria. A random community based survey. Trop.Geogr.Med 1991;43(1-2):209-214. View abstract.
Ibu, J. O., Iyama, A. C., Ijije, C. T., Ishmael, D., Ibeshi, M., and Nwokediuko, S. The effect of cola acuminata and cola nitida on gastric acid secretion. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1986;124:39-45. View abstract.
Ifere GO. Neural effects of alcohol and kola-nut consumption. JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 2001;78(Suppl1):100.
Ikegwuonu, F. I., Aire, T. A., and Ogwuegbu, S. O. Effects of kola-nut extract administration on the liver, kidney, brain, testis and some serum constituents of the rat. J Appl.Toxicol. 1981;1(6):292-294. View abstract.
Lale NES and Okunade SO. Effect of weevil infestation on the caffeine content of stored kolanuts (Cola nitida Schott Vent. et Endl.) in Maiduguri, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF PLANT DISEASES AND PROTECTION 2000;107(1):88-92.
Lowor ST. Studies on the chemical composition and storage parameters of sun-dried Kola nuts. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH 2008;3(2):130-133.
Maillard C, Ollivier B, Balansard G, and De Meo M. Determination of caffeine, theobromine, catechin and epicatechin rate in fresh stabilized cola seeds using high speed liquid chromatography. Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises 1986;44:495-500.
Maillard, C., Babadjamian, A., Balansard, G., Ollivier, B., and Bamba, D. Study of Caffein - Catechin Association in Lyophilized Fresh Seeds and in Stabilized Extract of Cola nitida. Planta Med 1985;51(6):515-517. View abstract.
Maillard, C., Ollivier, B., Balansard, G., and De, Meo M. [Assay of caffeine, theobromine, catechin and epicatechin by high performance liquid chromatography in an extract of fresh stabilized cola seeds]. Ann Pharm Fr. 1986;44(6):495-500. View abstract.
Mitani, H., Ryu, A., Suzuki, T., Yamashita, M., Arakane, K., and Koide, C. Topical application of plant extracts containing xanthine derivatives can prevent UV-induced wrinkle formation in hairless mice. Photodermatol.Photoimmunol.Photomed. 2007;23(2-3):86-94. View abstract.
Morton, J. F. Widespread tannin intake via stimulants and masticatories, especially guarana, kola nut, betel vine, and accessories. Basic Life Sci 1992;59:739-765. View abstract.
Nickalls RWD. W. F. Daniell (1817-1865) and the discovery that cola nuts contain caffeine. Pharmaceutical Journal (England) 1986;236:401-402.
Niemenak N, Onomo PE, Fotso, Lieberei R, and Ndoumou DO. Purine alkaloids and phenolic compounds in three Cola species and Garcinia kola grown in Cameroon. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2008;74(4):629-638.
Odebode AC and Oso BA. Enzyme activities during post-harvest storage of kolanut (Cola nitida, Schoot and Endlicher). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR LEBENSMITTEL-UNTERSUCHUNG UND-FORSCHUNG 1995;201(6):555-556.
Odebode AC. Phenolic compounds in the kola nut (Cola nitida and Cola acuminata) (Sterculiaceae) in Africa. REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL 1996;44(2A):513-515.
Odebunmi EO, Oluwaniyi OO, Awolola GV, and Adediji OD. Proximate and nutritional composition of kola nut (Cola nitida), bitter cola (Garcinia cola) and alligator pepper (Afromomum melegueta). AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2009;8(2):308-310.
Ogunremi OO and Mamora AO. Cola acuminata (Kolanut) and coffee: Acute effects on sleep of Nigerians. Psychopathologie Africaine 1980;16(1):69-75.
OLADOKUN MAO. NUT WEIGHT AND NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF COLA-ACUMINATA AND COLA-NITIDA (STERCULIACEAE). ECONOMIC BOTANY 1989;43(1):223-230.
Osim EE and Udia PM. Effects of consuming a kola nut (Cola nitida) diet on mean arterial pressure in rats. International Journal of Pharmacognosy (Netherlands) 1993;31:193-197.
Osim EE, Arthur SK, and Etta KM. Influence of kola nuts (Cola nitida alba) on in vivo secretion of gastric acid in cats. International Journal of Pharmacognosy (Netherlands) 1991;29:215-220.
Otoh, E. C., Johnson, N. W., Danfillo, I. S., Adeleke, O. A., and Olasoji, H. A. Primary head and neck cancers in North Eastern Nigeria. West Afr J Med 2004;23(4):305-313. View abstract.
Pentz R, Busse HG, Konig R, and Siegers CP. Bioavailability of salicylic acid and caffeine from a phytoanalgesic combination preparation. Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung (Germany) 1989;129(277):279.
Ryu, S. D. and Chung, W. G. Induction of the procarcinogen-activating CYP1A2 by a herbal dietary supplement in rats and humans. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003;41(6):861-866. View abstract.
Taiwo AA, Oluwadare I, Shobo AO, and Amolegbe SA. Extraction and potential application of caustic potash from kolanut husk, ugwu pod husk and plantain peels. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND ESSAYS 2008;3(10):515-517.
Abernethy DR, Todd EL. Impairment of caffeine clearance by chronic use of low-dose oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985;28:425-8. View abstract.
Acheson KJ, Gremaud G, Meirim I, et al. Metabolic effects of caffeine in humans: lipid oxidation or futile cycling? Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:40-6. View abstract.
Ali M, Afzal M. A potent inhibitor of thrombin stimulated platelet thromboxane formation from unprocessed tea. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1987;27:9-13. View abstract.
American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001;108:776-89. View abstract.
Aqel RA, Zoghbi GJ, Trimm JR, et al. Effect of caffeine administered intravenously on intracoronary-administered adenosine-induced coronary hemodynamics in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:343-6. View abstract.
Ardlie NG, Glew G, Schultz BG, Schwartz CJ. Inhibition and reversal of platelet aggregation by methyl xanthines. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1967;18:670-3. View abstract.
Avisar R, Avisar E, Weinberger D. Effect of coffee consumption on intraocular pressure. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:992-5.. View abstract.
Bara AI, Barley EA. Caffeine for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;4:CD001112.. View abstract.
Beach CA, Mays DC, Guiler RC, et al. Inhibition of elimination of caffeine by disulfiram in normal subjects and recovering alcoholics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;39:265-70. View abstract.
Bell DG, Jacobs I, Ellerington K. Effect of caffeine and ephedrine ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1399-403. View abstract.
Benowitz NL, Osterloh J, Goldschlager N, et al. Massive catecholamine release from caffeine poisoning. JAMA 1982;248:1097-8. View abstract.
Benton D, Donohoe RT, Sillance B, Nabb S. The influence of phosphatidylserine supplementation on mood and heart rate when faced with an acute stressor. Nutr Neurosci 2001;4:169-78. View abstract.
Boozer CN, Daly PA, Homel P, et al. Herbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: a 6-month randomized safety and efficacy trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:593-604. View abstract.
Bracken MB, Triche EW, Belanger K, et al. Association of maternal caffeine consumption with decrements in fetal growth. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157:456-66.. View abstract.
Briggs GB, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
Brown NJ, Ryder D, Branch RA. A pharmacodynamic interaction between caffeine and phenylpropanolamine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:363-71. View abstract.
Cannon ME, Cooke CT, McCarthy JS. Caffeine-induced cardiac arrhythmia: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products. Med J Aust 2001;174:520-1. View abstract.
Carbo M, Segura J, De la Torre R, et al. Effect of quinolones on caffeine disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;45:234-40. View abstract.
Carrillo JA, Benitez J. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between dietary caffeine and medications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000;39:127-53. View abstract.
Castellanos FX, Rapoport JL. Effects of caffeine on development and behavior in infancy and childhood: a review of the published literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1235-42. View abstract.
Chen JF, Xu K, Petzer JP, et al. Neuroprotection by caffeine and A(2A) adenosine receptor inactivation in a model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci 2001;21:RC143.. View abstract.
Chiu KM. Efficacy of calcium supplements on bone mass in postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999;54:M275-80. View abstract.
Chou T. Wake up and smell the coffee. Caffeine, coffee, and the medical consequences. West J Med 1992;157:544-53. View abstract.
Coffey CS, Steiner D, Baker BA, Allison DB. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a product containing ephedrine, caffeine, and other ingredients from herbal sources for treatment of overweight and obesity in the absence of lifestyle treatment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004;28:1411-9. View abstract.
Dews PB, Curtis GL, Hanford KJ, O'Brien CP. The frequency of caffeine withdrawal in a population-based survey and in a controlled, blinded pilot experiment. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:1221-32. View abstract.
Dews PB, O'Brien CP, Bergman J. Caffeine: behavioral effects of withdrawal and related issues. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1257-61. View abstract.
DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al; eds. Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologic approach. 4th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1999.
Dreher HM. The effect of caffeine reduction on sleep quality and well-being in persons with HIV. J Psychosom Res 2003;54:191-8.. View abstract.
Durrant KL. Known and hidden sources of caffeine in drug, food, and natural products. J Am Pharm Assoc 2002;42:625-37. View abstract.
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
Eskenazi B. Caffeine—filtering the facts. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1688-9. View abstract.
FDA. Proposed rule: dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids. Available at: www.verity.fda.gov (Accessed 25 January 2000).
Fernandes O, Sabharwal M, Smiley T, et al. Moderate to heavy caffeine consumption during pregnancy and relationship to spontaneous abortion and abnormal fetal growth: a meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 1998;12:435-44. View abstract.
Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E. Caffeine intake and endogenous sex steroid levels in postmenopausal women. The Rancho Bernardo Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996:144:642-4. View abstract.
Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Final rule declaring dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids adulterated because they present an unreasonable risk; Final rule. Fed Regist 2004;69:6787-6854. View abstract.
Forrest WH Jr, Bellville JW, Brown BW Jr. The interaction of caffeine with pentobarbital as a nighttime hypnotic. Anesthesiology 1972;36:37-41. View abstract.
Grandjean AC, Reimers KJ, Bannick KE, Haven MC. The effect of caffeinated, non-caffeinated, caloric and non-caloric beverages on hydration. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:591-600.. View abstract.
Greenway FL, Raum WJ, DeLany JP. The effect of an herbal dietary supplement containing ephedrine and caffeine on oxygen consumption in humans. J Altern Complement Med 2000;6:553-5. View abstract.
Hagg S, Spigset O, Mjorndal T, Dahlqvist R. Effect of caffeine on clozapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;49:59-63. View abstract.
Haller CA, Benowitz NL, Jacob P 3rd. Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans. Am J Med 2005;118:998-1003.. View abstract.
Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1833-8. View abstract.
Haller CA, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL. Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine after single-dose dietary supplement use. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;71:421-32. View abstract.
Harder S, Fuhr U, Staib AH, Wolff T. Ciprofloxacin-caffeine: a drug interaction established using in vivo and in vitro investigations. Am J Med 1989;87:89S-91S. View abstract.
Healy DP, Polk RE, Kanawati L, et al. Interaction between oral ciprofloxacin and caffeine in normal volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:474-8. View abstract.
Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of drinking green and black tea. J Hypertens 1999;17:457-63. View abstract.
Holmgren P, Norden-Pettersson L, Ahlner J. Caffeine fatalities--four case reports. Forensic Sci Int 2004;139:71-3. View abstract.
Horner NK, Lampe JW. Potential mechanisms of diet therapy for fibrocystic breast conditions show inadequate evidence of effectiveness. J Am Diet Assoc 2000;100:1368-80. View abstract.
Howell LL, Coffin VL, Spealman RD. Behavioral and physiological effects of xanthines in nonhuman primates. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997;129:1-14. View abstract.
Infante S, Baeza ML, Calvo M, et al. Anaphylaxis due to caffeine. Allergy 2003;58:681-2. View abstract.
Institute of Medicine. Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309082587/html/index.html.
Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor and caffeine intake: two cases of drinking less and shaking more. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49:72-3. View abstract.
Joeres R, Klinker H, Heusler H, et al. Influence of mexiletine on caffeine elimination. Pharmacol Ther 1987;33:163-9. View abstract.
Juliano LM, Griffiths RR. A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;176:1-29. View abstract.
Kamimori GH, Penetar DM, Headley DB, et al. Effect of three caffeine doses on plasma catecholamines and alertness during prolonged wakefulness. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56:537-44.. View abstract.
Klebanoff MA, Levine RJ, DerSimonian R, et al. Maternal serum paraxanthine, a caffeine metabolite, and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1639-44. View abstract.
Kockler DR, McCarthy MW, Lawson CL. Seizure activity and unresponsiveness after hydroxycut ingestion. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:647-51.. View abstract.
Kynast-Gales SA, Massey LK. Effect of caffeine on circadian excretion of urinary calcium and magnesium. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994;13:467-72. View abstract.
Lake CR, Rosenberg DB, Gallant S, et al. Phenylpropanolamine increases plasma caffeine levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:675-85. View abstract.
Lane JD, Barkauskas CE, Surwit RS, Feinglos MN. Caffeine impairs glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2047-8. View abstract.
Lans, C. Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for reproductive problems. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2007;3:13. View abstract.
Leson CL, McGuigan MA, Bryson SM. Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1988;26:407-15. View abstract.
Lloyd T, Johnson-Rollings N, Eggli DF, et al. Bone status among postmenopausal women with different habitual caffeine intakes: a longitudinal investigation. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:256-61. View abstract.
Massey LK, Whiting SJ. Caffeine, urinary calcium, calcium metabolism and bone. J Nutr 1993;123:1611-4. View abstract.
Massey LK. Is caffeine a risk factor for bone loss in the elderly? Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:569-70. View abstract.
May DC, Jarboe CH, VanBakel AB, Williams WM. Effects of cimetidine on caffeine disposition in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982;31:656-61. View abstract.
McGowan JD, Altman RE, Kanto WP Jr. Neonatal withdrawal symptoms after chronic maternal ingestion of caffeine. South Med J 1988;81:1092-4.. View abstract.
Mester R, Toren P, Mizrachi I, et al. Caffeine withdrawal increases lithium blood levels. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:348-50. View abstract.
Nehlig A, Debry G. Consequences on the newborn of chronic maternal consumption of coffee during gestation and lactation: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 1994;13:6-21.. View abstract.
Nix D, Zelenitsky S, Symonds W, et al. The effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in young and elderly subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51:183.
Nurminen ML, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:831-9. View abstract.
Petrie HJ, Chown SE, Belfie LM, et al. Caffeine ingestion increases the insulin response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test in obese men before and after weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:22-8. View abstract.
Pollock BG, Wylie M, Stack JA, et al. Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:936-40. View abstract.
Raaska K, Raitasuo V, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ. Effect of caffeine-containing versus decaffeinated coffee on serum clozapine concentrations in hospitalised patients. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2004;94:13-8. View abstract.
Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Kinyamu HK, Ryschon KL. Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:694-700. View abstract.
Rees K, Allen D, Lader M. The influences of age and caffeine on psychomotor and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;145:181-8. View abstract.
Robinson LE, Savani S, Battram DS, et al. Caffeine ingestion before an oral glucose tolerance test impairs blood glucose management in men with type 2 diabetes. J Nutr 2004;134:2528-33. View abstract.
Ross GW, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, et al. Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of parkinson disease. JAMA 2000;283:2674-9. View abstract.
Sanderink GJ, Bournique B, Stevens J, et al. Involvement of human CYP1A isoenzymes in the metabolism and drug interactions of riluzole in vitro. Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;282:1465-72. View abstract.
Schechter MD, Timmons GD. Objectively measured hyperactivity--II. Caffeine and amphetamine effects. J Clin Pharmacol 1985;25:276-80.. View abstract.
Sinclair CJ, Geiger JD. Caffeine use in sports. A pharmacological review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000;40:71-9. View abstract.
Smith A. Effects of caffeine on human behavior. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1243-55. View abstract.
Stanek EJ, Melko GP, Charland SL. Xanthine interference with dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial imaging. Pharmacother 1995;29:425-7. View abstract.
Stookey JD. The diuretic effects of alcohol and caffeine and total water intake misclassification. Eur J Epidemiol 1999;15:181-8. View abstract.
Suleman A, Siddiqui NH. Haemodynamic and cardiovascular effects of caffeine. Medicine On Line Int J Medicine 2000. www.priory.com/pharmol/caffeine.htm (Accessed 14 April 2000).
The National Toxicology Program (NTP). Caffeine. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR). Available at: http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/common/caffeine.html.
Tobias JD. Caffeine in the treatment of apnea associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonates and infants. South Med J 2000;93:297-304. View abstract.
Underwood DA. Which medications should be held before a pharmacologic or exercise stress test? Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69:449-50. View abstract.
Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3. View abstract.
Vandeberghe K, Gillis N, Van Leemputte M, et al. Caffeine counteracts the ergogenic action of muscle creatine loading. J Appl Physiol 1996;80:452-7. View abstract.
Wahllander A, Paumgartner G. Effect of ketoconazole and terbinafine on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:279-83. View abstract.
Wakabayashi K, Kono S, Shinchi K, et al. Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: A study of self-defense officials in Japan. Eur J Epidemiol 1998;14:669-73. View abstract.
Wallach J. Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. A synopsis of Laboratory Medicine. Fifth ed; Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1992.
Watson JM, Jenkins EJ, Hamilton P, et al. Influence of caffeine on the frequency and perception of hypoglycemia in free-living patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:455-9. View abstract.
Watson JM, Sherwin RS, Deary IJ, et al. Dissociation of augmented physiological, hormonal and cognitive responses to hypoglycaemia with sustained caffeine use. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;104:447-54. View abstract.
Wemple RD, Lamb DR, McKeever KH. Caffeine vs caffeine-free sports drinks: effects on urine production at rest and during prolonged exercise. Int J Sports Med 1997;18:40-6. View abstract.
Williams MH, Branch JD. Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: an update. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:216-34. View abstract.
Winkelmayer WC, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Habitual caffeine intake and the risk of hypertension in women. JAMA 2005;294:2330-5. View abstract.
Zheng XM, Williams RC. Serum caffeine levels after 24-hour abstention: clinical implications on dipyridamole (201)Tl myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med Technol 2002;30:123-7. View abstract.