Clove

Abbasipour, F., Rastqar, A., Bakhtiar, H., Khalilkhani, H., Aeinehchi, M., and Janahmadi, M. The nociceptive and anti-nociceptive effects of white mineral trioxide aggregate. Int.Endod.J 2009;42(9):794-801. View abstract.

Abdel-Fatah MK, El-Hawa MA, Samia EM, and et al. Antimicrobial activities of some local medicinal plants. Journal of Drug Research (Egypt) 2002;24:179-186.

Abdel-Wahhab, M. A. and Aly, S. E. Antioxidant property of Nigella sativa (black cumin) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) in rats during aflatoxicosis. J Appl.Toxicol. 2005;25(3):218-223. View abstract.

Abraham, S. K. and Kesavan, P. C. Evaluation of possible mutagenicity of the condiment clove when administered alone or in combination with caffeine in Drosophila melanogaster. Indian J Exp Biol 1978;16(4):518-519. View abstract.

Abraham, S. K., Singh, S. P., and Kesavan, P. C. In vivo antigenotoxic effects of dietary agents and beverages co-administered with urethane: assessment of the role of glutathione S-transferase activity. Mutat.Res 3-16-1998;413(2):103-110. View abstract.

Adhikari, A., Devkota, H. P., Takano, A., Masuda, K., Nakane, T., Basnet, P., and Skalko-Basnet, N. Screening of Nepalese crude drugs traditionally used to treat hyperpigmentation: in vitro tyrosinase inhibition. Int.J Cosmet.Sci 2008;30(5):353-360. View abstract.

Agarwal, V., Lal, P., and Pruthi, V. Prevention of Candida albicans biofilm by plant oils. Mycopathologia 2008;165(1):13-19. View abstract.

Agbaje, E. O. Gastrointestinal effects of Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae) in animal models. Nig.Q.J Hosp.Med 2008;18(3):137-141. View abstract.

Ahmad, N., Alam, M. K., Shehbaz, A., Khan, A., Mannan, A., Hakim, S. R., Bisht, D., and Owais, M. Antimicrobial activity of clove oil and its potential in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. J Drug Target 2005;13(10):555-561. View abstract.

Al-Subeihi, A. A., Spenkelink, B., Punt, A., Boersma, M. G., van Bladeren, P. J., and Rietjens, I. M. Physiologically based kinetic modeling of bioactivation and detoxification of the alkenylbenzene methyleugenol in human as compared with rat. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 5-1-2012;260(3):271-284. View abstract.

Allen, K. and Cornforth, D. Effect of chelating agents and spice-derived antioxidants on myoglobin oxidation in a lipid-free model system. J Food Sci 2009;74(5):C375-C379. View abstract.

Alqareer, A., Alyahya, A., and Andersson, L. The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics. J Dent 2006;34(10):747-750. View abstract.

Andersen, K. E., Johansen, J. D., Bruze, M., Frosch, P. J., Goossens, A., Lepoittevin, J. P., Rastogi, S., White, I., and Menne, T. The time-dose-response relationship for elicitation of contact dermatitis in isoeugenol allergic individuals. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 2-1-2001;170(3):166-171. View abstract.

Anonymous. Evaluation of the health hazard of clove cigarettes. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 12-23-1988;260(24):3641-3644. View abstract.

Araki, K., Suda, H., and Spangberg, L. S. Indirect longitudinal cytotoxicity of root canal sealers on L929 cells and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Endod. 1994;20(2):67-70. View abstract.

Ardjmand, A., Fathollahi, Y., Sayyah, M., Kamalinejad, M., and Omrani, A. Eugenol depresses synaptic transmission but does not prevent the induction of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(3):146-151. View abstract.

Arora, D. S. and Kaur, J. Antimicrobial activity of spices. Int.J Antimicrob.Agents 1999;12(3):257-262. View abstract.

Ashton E. Spice prices in the near East in the fifteenth century. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 1976;1:26-41.

Azuma, Y., Ozasa, N., Ueda, Y., and Takagi, N. Pharmacological studies on the anti-inflammatory action of phenolic compounds. J Dent.Res. 1986;65(1):53-56. View abstract.

Bachiega, T. F., Orsatti, C. L., Pagliarone, A. C., Missima, F., Sousa, J. P., Bastos, J. K., and Sforcin, J. M. Th1/Th2 cytokine production by clove-treated mice. Nat.Prod.Res. 2009;23(16):1552-1558. View abstract.

Bae, E. A., Han, M. J., Kim, N. J., and Kim, D. H. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of herbal medicines. Biol Pharm Bull. 1998;21(9):990-992. View abstract.

Bae, W. J., Chang, S. W., Lee, S. I., Kum, K. Y., Bae, K. S., and Kim, E. C. Human periodontal ligament cell response to a newly developed calcium phosphate-based root canal sealer. J Endod. 2010;36(10):1658-1663. View abstract.

Baer, J. and Maki, J. S. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of three endodontic sealers mixed with amoxicillin. J Endod. 2010;36(7):1170-1173. View abstract.

Bafna, P. A. and Balaraman, R. Antioxidant activity of DHC-1, an herbal formulation, in experimentally-induced cardiac and renal damage. Phytother.Res. 2005;19(3):216-221. View abstract.

Bahuguna, S. and Kushwaha, R. K. Influence of different oils on penetration of human hair by fungi. Int.J Cosmet.Sci 1993;15(1):1-5. View abstract.

Bandell, M., Story, G. M., Hwang, S. W., Viswanath, V., Eid, S. R., Petrus, M. J., Earley, T. J., and Patapoutian, A. Noxious cold ion channel TRPA1 is activated by pungent compounds and bradykinin. Neuron 3-25-2004;41(6):849-857. View abstract.

Banerjee, R. and Bellare, J. R. Comparison of in vitro surface properties of clove oil-phospholipid suspensions with those of ALEC, Exosurf and Survanta. Pulm.Pharmacol.Ther 2001;14(2):85-91. View abstract.

Banerjee, R. and Puniyani, R. R. Effects of clove oil-phospholipid mixtures on rheology of gum tragacanth - possible application for surfactant action on mucus gel simulants. Biomed.Mater.Eng 2000;10(3-4):189-197. View abstract.

Banerjee, S. and Das, S. Anticarcinogenic effects of an aqueous infusion of cloves on skin carcinogenesis. Asian Pac.J Cancer Prev. 2005;6(3):304-308. View abstract.

Banerjee, S., Panda, C. K., and Das, S. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), a potential chemopreventive agent for lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 2006;27(8):1645-1654. View abstract.

Bang A and Vikor K. A tale of three 'Shambas'. Part 2. Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources 2000;11:1-24.

Barbosa, L. N., Rall, V. L., Fernandes, A. A., Ushimaru, P. I., da, Silva Probst, I, and Fernandes, A., Jr. Essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria in minced meat. Foodborne.Pathog.Dis. 2009;6(6):725-728. View abstract.

Barnard, D. R. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 1999;36(5):625-629. View abstract.

Ben Arfa, A., Combes, S., Preziosi-Belloy, L., Gontard, N., and Chalier, P. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2006;43(2):149-154. View abstract.

Bennis, S., Chami, F., Chami, N., Bouchikhi, T., and Remmal, A. Surface alteration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced by thymol and eugenol. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2004;38(6):454-458. View abstract.

Betoni, J. E., Mantovani, R. P., Barbosa, L. N., Di Stasi, L. C., and Fernandes, Junior A. Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases. Mem.Inst.Oswaldo Cruz 2006;101(4):387-390. View abstract.

Bhalla, M. and Thami, G. P. Acute urticaria due to dental eugenol. Allergy 2003;58(2):158. View abstract.

Bhamarapravati, S., Pendland, S. L., and Mahady, G. B. Extracts of spice and food plants from Thai traditional medicine inhibit the growth of the human carcinogen Helicobacter pylori. In Vivo 2003;17(6):541-544. View abstract.

Biven, G. M., Bapna, M. S., and Heuer, M. A. Effect of eugenol and eugenol-containing root canal sealers on the microhardness of human dentin. J Dent.Res. 1972;51(6):1602-1609. View abstract.

Bluma, R. V. and Etcheverry, M. G. Application of essential oils in maize grain: impact on Aspergillus section Flavi growth parameters and aflatoxin accumulation. Food Microbiol. 2008;25(2):324-334. View abstract.

Bolliger, G. A., Kupferman, A., and Leibowitz, H. M. Quantitation of anterior chamber inflammation and its response to therapy. Arch.Ophthalmol. 1980;98(6):1110-1114. View abstract.

Bonneff M. VU DE KUDUS: L'ISLAM À JAVA. Annales: Economies, Societes, Civilisations 1980;35(3-4):801-815.

Braga, P. C., Dal Sasso, M., Spallino, A., Sturla, C., and Culici, M. Vaginal gel adsorption and retention by human vaginal cells: visual analysis by means of inorganic and organic markers. Int.J Pharm. 5-21-2009;373(1-2):10-15. View abstract.

Braga, P. C., Sasso, M. D., Culici, M., and Alfieri, M. Eugenol and thymol, alone or in combination, induce morphological alterations in the envelope of Candida albicans. Fitoterapia 2007;78(6):396-400. View abstract.

Branan B, Butcher J, and Olsen L. Using Ozone in Organic Chemistry Lab: The Ozonolysis of Eugenol. Journal of Chemical Education 2007;84(12):1979-1981.

Briozzo, J., Nunez, L., Chirife, J., Herszage, L., and D'Aquino, M. Antimicrobial activity of clove oil dispersed in a concentrated sugar solution. J Appl.Bacteriol. 1989;66(1):69-75. View abstract.

Brown, S. A., Biggerstaff, J., and Savidge, G. F. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and hepatocellular necrosis due to clove oil. Blood Coagul.Fibrinolysis 1992;3(5):665-668. View abstract.

Buch, J. G., Dikshit, R. K., and Mansuri, S. M. Effect of certain volatile oils on ejaculated human spermatozoa. Indian J Med Res 1988;87:361-363. View abstract.

Burgoyne, C. C., Giglio, J. A., Reese, S. E., Sima, A. P., and Laskin, D. M. The efficacy of a topical anesthetic gel in the relief of pain associated with localized alveolar osteitis. J Oral Maxillofac.Surg. 2010;68(1):144-148. View abstract.

Burstein S, Varanelli C, and Slade L. Prostaglandins and cannabis. 3. Inhibition of biosynthesis by essential oil components of marihuana. Biochem.Pharmacol. 1975;24:1053-1054.

Burt, S. A. and Reinders, R. D. Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2003;36(3):162-167. View abstract.

Buyukbalci, A. and El, S. N. Determination of in vitro antidiabetic effects, antioxidant activities and phenol contents of some herbal teas. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr. 2008;63(1):27-33. View abstract.

Cai, L. and Wu, C. D. Compounds from Syzygium aromaticum possessing growth inhibitory activity against oral pathogens. J Nat.Prod. 1996;59(10):987-990. View abstract.

Carrasco, F. R., Schmidt, G., Romero, A. L., Sartoretto, J. L., Caparroz-Assef, S. M., Bersani-Amado, C. A., and Cuman, R. K. Immunomodulatory activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Salvia officinalis L. and Syzygium aromaticum L. essential oils: evidence for humor- and cell-mediated responses. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 2009;61(7):961-967. View abstract.

Cates L and Brandino T. Quantitation of salicylate or other complexing agents in flavors. Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy (Canada) 1979;32:169-170.

Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla-Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K., and Bakhrouf, A. The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(6):501-506. View abstract.

Chaieb, K., Zmantar, T., Ksouri, R., Hajlaoui, H., Mahdouani, K., Abdelly, C., and Bakhrouf, A. Antioxidant properties of the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata and its antifungal activity against a large number of clinical Candida species. Mycoses 2007;50(5):403-406. View abstract.

Chami, F., Chami, N., Bennis, S., Bouchikhi, T., and Remmal, A. Oregano and clove essential oils induce surface alteration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phytother Res 2005;19(5):405-408. View abstract.

Chami, F., Chami, N., Bennis, S., Trouillas, J., and Remmal, A. Evaluation of carvacrol and eugenol as prophylaxis and treatment of vaginal candidiasis in an immunosuppressed rat model. J Antimicrob.Chemother. 2004;54(5):909-914. View abstract.

Chami, N., Bennis, S., Chami, F., Aboussekhra, A., and Remmal, A. Study of anticandidal activity of carvacrol and eugenol in vitro and in vivo. Oral Microbiol.Immunol. 2005;20(2):106-111. View abstract.

Chan, A. S., Pang, H., Yip, E. C., Tam, Y. K., and Wong, Y. H. Carvacrol and eugenol differentially stimulate intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and mitogen-activated protein kinases in Jurkat T-cells and monocytic THP-1 cells. Planta Med 2005;71(7):634-639. View abstract.

Chaudhari LK, Jawale BA Sharma S Sharma H Kumar CD Kulkarni PA. Antimicrobial activity of commercially available essential oils against Streptococcus mutans. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2012;13(1):71-74. View abstract.

Chen, D. C., Lee, Y. Y., Yeh, P. Y., Lin, J. C., Chen, Y. L., and Hung, S. L. Eugenol inhibited the antimicrobial functions of neutrophils. J Endod. 2008;34(2):176-180. View abstract.

Choi, W. I., Lee, E. H., Choi, B. R., Park, H. M., and Ahn, Y. J. Toxicity of plant essential oils to Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Econ.Entomol. 2003;96(5):1479-1484. View abstract.

Chong, B. S., Owadally, I. D., Pitt Ford, T. R., and Wilson, R. F. Antibacterial activity of potential retrograde root filling materials. Endod.Dent.Traumatol. 1994;10(2):66-70. View abstract.

Chung, G., Rhee, J. N., Jung, S. J., Kim, J. S., and Oh, S. B. Modulation of CaV2.3 calcium channel currents by eugenol. J Dent.Res. 2008;87(2):137-141. View abstract.

Cisak, E., Wojcik-Fatla, A., Zajac, V., and Dutkiewicz, J. Repellents and acaricides as personal protection measures in the prevention of tick-borne diseases. Ann Agric.Environ.Med. 2012;19(4):625-630. View abstract.

Clark, G. C. Comparison of the inhalation toxicity of kretek (clove cigarette) smoke with that of American cigarette smoke. I. One day exposure. Arch.Toxicol. 1989;63(1):1-6. View abstract.

Clark, G. C. Comparison of the inhalation toxicity of kretek (clove cigarette) smoke with that of American cigarette smoke. II. Fourteen days, exposure. Arch.Toxicol. 1990;64(7):515-521. View abstract.

Clark, G. C. Concerning the article "Toxicity studies on clove cigarette smoke and constituents of clove: determination of the LD50 of eugenol by intratracheal instillation in rats and hamsters" by LaVoie et al. (1986). Arch.Toxicol. 1986;59(4):296-299. View abstract.

Correa, G. T., Veranio, G. A., Silva, L. E., Hirata, Junior R., Coil, J. M., and Scelza, M. F. Cytotoxicity evaluation of two root canal sealers and a commercial calcium hydroxide paste on THP1 cell line by Trypan Blue assay. J Appl.Oral Sci 2009;17(5):457-461. View abstract.

Cotter, P. A. and Rodnick, K. J. Differential effects of anesthetics on electrical properties of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) heart. Comp Biochem.Physiol A Mol.Integr.Physiol 2006;145(2):158-165. View abstract.

Covello, M., Ciampa, G., and La Rotonda, M. I. [Determination of eugenol in the essence of "Eugenia caryophyllata". Titration in non-aqueous solvent and comparison with other methods of analysis]. Boll.Chim.Farm. 1966;105(11):799-806. View abstract.

Criddle, D. N., Madeira, S. V., and Soares, de Moura. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilator effects of eugenol in the rat mesenteric vascular bed. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 2003;55(3):359-365. View abstract.

Culikova, V. Assortment of the plants in the Medieval diet in Czech countries (based on archaeobotanical finds). Acta Univ Carol.Med (Praha) 2000;41(1-4):105-118. View abstract.

Damiani, C. E., Rossoni, L. V., and Vassallo, D. V. Vasorelaxant effects of eugenol on rat thoracic aorta. Vascul.Pharmacol. 2003;40(1):59-66. View abstract.

Daniel A, Sartoretto S, Schmidt G, and et al. Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of eugenol essential oil in experimental animal models. evista Brasileira de Farmacognosia (Brazil) 2009;19:212-217.

Del Bufalo A, Bernad J Dardenne C Verda D Meunier JR Rousset F Martinozzi-Teissier S Pipy B. Contact sensitizers modulate the arachidonic acid metabolism of PMA-differentiated U-937 monocytic cells activated by LPS. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011;256(1):35-43. View abstract.

Deyama, T. and Horiguchi, T. [Studies on the components of essential oil of clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thumberg)]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1971;91(12):1383-1386. View abstract.

Didry, N., Dubreuil, L., and Pinkas, M. Activity of thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on oral bacteria. Pharm.Acta Helv. 1994;69(1):25-28. View abstract.

Dip, E. C., Pereira, N. A., and Fernandes, P. D. Ability of eugenol to reduce tongue edema induced by Dieffenbachia picta Schott in mice. Toxicon 2004;43(6):729-735. View abstract.

Dip, E. C., Pereira, N. A., and Melo, P. A. Tongue angioedema in vivo: antagonist response of anti-inflammatory drugs. Clin Toxicol.(Phila) 2011;49(3):153-160. View abstract.

Dixon Clarke, S. E. and Ramsay, R. R. Dietary inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A. J Neural Transm. 2011;118(7):1031-1041. View abstract.

dos Santos, P. E., Egito, L. C., de Medeiros, S. R., and Agnez-Lima, L. F. Genotoxicity induced by Eugenia caryophyllata infusion. J Toxicol.Environ.Health A 2008;71(7):439-444. View abstract.

du Plooy, W. J., Swart, L., and van Huysteen, G. W. Poisoning with Boophane disticha: a forensic case. Hum.Exp.Toxicol. 2001;20(5):277-278. View abstract.

Dudonne, S., Vitrac, X., Coutiere, P., Woillez, M., and Merillon, J. M. Comparative Study of Antioxidant Properties and Total Phenolic Content of 30 Plant Extracts of Industrial Interest Using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD, and ORAC Assays. J Agric.Food Chem. 2-6-2009; View abstract.

Dyrbye, B. A., Dubois, L., Vink, R., and Horn, J. A patient with clove oil intoxication. Anaesth.Intensive Care 2012;40(2):365-366. View abstract.

Eamsobhana, P., Yoolek, A., Kongkaew, W., Lerdthusnee, K., Khlaimanee, N., Parsartvit, A., Malainual, N., and Yong, H. S. Laboratory evaluation of aromatic essential oils from thirteen plant species as candidate repellents against Leptotrombidium chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae), the vector of scrub typhus. Exp.Appl.Acarol. 2009;47(3):257-262. View abstract.

Eisen, J. S., Koren, G., Juurlink, D. N., and Ng, V. L. N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of clove oil-induced fulminant hepatic failure. J Toxicol.Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(1):89-92. View abstract.

El Hag, E. A., El Nadi, A. H., and Zaitoon, A. A. Toxic and growth retarding effects of three plant extracts on Culex pipiens larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Phytother.Res. 1999;13(5):388-392. View abstract.

El Maraghy, S. S. Effect of some spices as preservatives for storage of lentil (Lens esculenta L.) seeds. Folia Microbiol.(Praha) 1995;40(5):490-492. View abstract.

el Naghy, M. A., Maghazy, S. N., Fadl-Allah, E. M., and el Gendy, Z. K. Fungistatic action of natural oils and fatty acids on dermatophytic and saprophytic fungi. Zentralbl.Mikrobiol. 1992;147(3-4):214-220. View abstract.

El Sayed, M. A., Mohamed, Y. A., and Abdelsalam, N. A. Spectrophotometric determination of certain volatile oils. Part 1: Assay for phenols in volatile oils of clove and thyme. Pharmazie 1976;31(6):361-362. View abstract.

Elshafie, A. E., Al Rashdi, T. A., Al Bahry, S. N., and Bakheit, C. S. Fungi and aflatoxins associated with spices in the Sultanate of Oman. Mycopathologia 2002;155(3):155-160. View abstract.

Elwakeel, H. A., Moneim, H. A., Farid, M., and Gohar, A. A. Clove oil cream: a new effective treatment for chronic anal fissure. Colorectal Dis. 2007;9(6):549-552. View abstract.

Fabio, A., Cermelli, C., Fabio, G., Nicoletti, P., and Quaglio, P. Screening of the antibacterial effects of a variety of essential oils on microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(4):374-377. View abstract.

Feng, J. and Lipton, J. M. Eugenol: antipyretic activity in rabbits. Neuropharmacology 1987;26(12):1775-1778. View abstract.

Feng, R., He, W., and Hirotomo, O. [Experimental studies on antioxidation of extracts from several plants used as both medicines and foods in vitro]. Zhong.Yao Cai. 2000;23(11):690-693. View abstract.

Feres, M., Figueiredo, L. C., Barreto, I. M., Coelho, M. H., Araujo, M. W., and Cortelli, S. C. In vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and propolis in saliva samples of healthy and periodontally-involved subjects. J Int.Acad.Periodontol. 2005;7(3):90-96. View abstract.

Fichi, G., Flamini, G., Giovanelli, F., Otranto, D., and Perrucci, S. Efficacy of an essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata against Psoroptes cuniculi. Exp.Parasitol. 2007;115(2):168-172. View abstract.

Fischer, I. U. and Dengler, H. J. Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the determination of eugenol in body fluids. J Chromatogr. 2-23-1990;525(2):369-377. View abstract.

Fotos, P. G., Woolverton, C. J., Van Dyke, K., and Powell, R. L. Effects of eugenol on polymorphonuclear cell migration and chemiluminescence. J Dent.Res. 1987;66(3):774-777. View abstract.

Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., and Mandrell, R. E. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot. 2002;65(10):1545-1560. View abstract.

Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., Levin, C. E., and Mandrell, R. E. Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in apple juice. J Agric.Food Chem. 9-22-2004;52(19):6042-6048. View abstract.

Fu, Y., Chen, L., Zu, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Yao, L., and Efferth, T. The antibacterial activity of clove essential oil against Propionibacterium acnes and its mechanism of action. Arch.Dermatol. 2009;145(1):86-88. View abstract.

Fu, Y., Zu, Y., Chen, L., Shi, X., Wang, Z., Sun, S., and Efferth, T. Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(10):989-994. View abstract.

Fujisawa, S., Atsumi, T., Satoh, K., and Sakagami, H. Interaction between 2-ethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) and eugenol, and related changes in cytotoxicity. J Dent.Res. 2003;82(1):43-47. View abstract.

Fujisawa, S., Muraoka, E., Nakazato, Y., and Okada, N. Effects of visible light irradiation on eugenol-treated oral mucosa. Dent.Mater.J 2005;24(2):202-206. View abstract.

Furukawa, H., Zenno, S., Iwasawa, Y., Morita, H., Yoshida, T., and Nagasawa, T. Ferulic acid production from clove oil by Pseudomonas fluorescens E118. J Biosci.Bioeng. 2003;96(4):404-405. View abstract.

Garg, S. C. and Siddiqui, N. Antifungal activity of some essential oil isolates. Pharmazie 1992;47(6):467-468. View abstract.

Garibaldi, J. A., Greenlaw, J., Choi, J., and Fotovatjah, M. Treatment of post-operative pain. J Calif.Dent.Assoc. 1995;23(4):71-2, 74. View abstract.

Garza Padilla E. Toxicidad local y sistémica del eugenol en un modelo animal. Revista ADM 1998;55(1):46.

Gaydou E and Randriamiharisoa R. Multidimensional analysis of gas chromatographic data, application to the differentiation of clove bud and clove stem essential oils from Madagascar. Perfumer and Flavorist (USA) 1987;12(45):51.

Ghelardini, C., Galeotti, N., Di Cesare, Mannelli L., Mazzanti, G., and Bartolini, A. Local anaesthetic activity of beta-caryophyllene. Farmaco 2001;56(5-7):387-389. View abstract.

Gracza L. HPLC determination of phenylpropanoids in medicinal substances: analysis of phenylpropane derivatives. Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung (Germany) 1980;120:1859-1863.

Grush, J., Noakes, D. L., and Moccia, R. D. The efficacy of clove oil as an anesthetic for the zebrafish, Danio rerio (Hamilton). Zebrafish. 2004;1(1):46-53. View abstract.

Gryzenhout, M., Rodas, C. A., Portales, J. M., Clegg, P., Wingfield, B. D., and Wingfield, M. J. Novel hosts of the Eucalyptus canker pathogen Chrysoporthe cubensis and a new Chrysoporthe species from Colombia. Mycol.Res. 2006;110(Pt 7):833-845. View abstract.

Guenette, S. A., Beaudry, F., Marier, J. F., and Vachon, P. Pharmacokinetics and anesthetic activity of eugenol in male Sprague-Dawley rats. J Vet.Pharmacol.Ther 2006;29(4):265-270. View abstract.

Guidotti, T. L. Critique of available studies on the toxicology of kretek smoke and its constituents by routes of entry involving the respiratory tract. Arch.Toxicol. 1989;63(1):7-12. View abstract.

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