Dilated cardiomyopathy is a serious condition because it increases the chances of life-threatening conditions, such as heart failure, irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), and blood clots. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type of cardiomyopathy. In this condition, the walls of the heart become thin and the heart gets larger. As a result, the heart may not be pumping as well as it should. This can cause severe problems for the rest of the body including death. It can also make existing heart problems worse. It affects men more often than women and tends to occur in adults aged 20 to 60 years old. The common signs and symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy are:
- Shortness of breath
- Cough
- Unexplained tiredness
- Reduced ability to exercise
- Lack of energy
- Chest pain
- Fluid build-up in the lungs
- Swollen feet or ankles or unexplained weight gain
- Heart skipping beats, fluttering or thumping
- Unusual heart sounds (heart murmurs)
- Fainting, dizziness, or lightheadedness
- Swelling of the veins of the neck
- Swelling in the belly (abdomen) with less appetite
What are the causes of dilated cardiomyopathy?
The causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are unknown; however, the following are common risk factors that may cause or trigger dilated cardiomyopathy:
- Congenital (by birth or sometimes inherited through genes)
- Severe coronary artery disease, which is the most common cause
- High blood pressure
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Amphetamines and Cocaine drugs use or abuse
- History of heart attack
- Severe alcohol abuse
- Swelling of the heart's walls
- Lack of oxygen in the heart
- Heart valve disease
- Cancer and chemotherapy drugs
- Disturbances of the heart's rhythm or rate
- Autoimmune illnesses
- Infections, including those caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
- Exposure to toxins, such as lead, mercury, and cobalt
- Complications of late-stage pregnancy
What are the treatment options for dilated cardiomyopathy?
Treatment options for dilated cardiomyopathy are lifestyle modifications, medications, and surgery.
Lifestyle modifications:
- It starts with minimizing alcohol intake, smoking cessation, minimizing salt in the diet, and reducing caffeine intake.
- A balanced diet with moderate exercise may help in reducing symptoms by maintaining body weight and increasing the heart functioning mechanism.
Medications:
- Diuretics or water tablets may reduce the fluid build-up by encouraging the kidneys to get rid of excess water as urine.
- ACE inhibitors help in relaxing the smooth muscle around the blood, making it easier for the heart to work.
- Beta-blockers reduce the rate and force of the heart’s contraction by reducing the stimulation of adrenaline, which would normally make the heartbeat faster.
- Antiarrhythmic drugs may help in maintaining a normal rhythm.
- Blood thinners reduce the risk of blood clot formation.
- Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) enlarge the blood vessels, which help to reduce blood pressure, and they may be used if the person is not able to tolerate ACE inhibitors.
- Ivabradine may be used for people who are unable to take beta-blockers.
- Sacubitril and Valsartan/Entresto contain the ARB Valsartan and an antihypertensive drug called Sacubitril. It is a relatively new medication and may be used in severe heart failure when a combination of ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers are not effective.
Surgery and devices:
- Pacemakers and biventricular pacemakers help in maintaining normal rhythm. This may be recommended for people with some types of arrhythmias.
- ICDs or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators help in correcting dangerous arrhythmias that may lead to a cardiac arrest.
- An ICD combined with a biventricular pacemaker is used if both functions are required.
- The left ventricular assist device is a mechanical device that helps to pump the blood out of the left ventricle (main pumping chamber of the heart) when it is not working properly. Currently, this is only used to support the heart while waiting for a transplant.
- A heart transplant is a final choice if the heart doesn’t respond to other treatments. This involves removing the failing heart and replacing it with a donor’s heart.
What is the outlook of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?
Many patients with DCM can lead relatively normal lives once the diagnosis has been established and appropriate therapies have been started. The long-term outlook varies depending on the cause, severity, and degree of functional impairment. Patients need to be watched closely for the development of heart failure, abnormal heart rhythms, blood clots inside the heart, and other signs that imply the heart is not able to maintain normal blood flow. Once signs of heart failure or significantly abnormal rhythms appear, aggressive therapy is needed with close monitoring. Patients may recover and stabilize; however, life-threatening conditions including death may not be ruled out.
SLIDESHOW
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Camzyos (mavacamten)
Camzyos (mavacamten) is a prescription medication used to treat the symptoms of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Camzyos reduces left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and can cause heart failure due to systolic dysfunction. Camzyos may cause serious side effects including hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of your face/lips/tongue/throat, fainting, and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction from the heart. Consult your doctor before taking Camzyos if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy causes the heart muscles to progressively enlarge and weaken, reducing the ability of the heart to pump enough blood. Check out the center below for more medical references on heart disease, including multimedia (slideshows, images, and quizzes), related diseases, treatment, diagnosis, medications, and prevention or wellness.
Cardiomyopathy (Restrictive)
Restrictive cardiomyopathy, the rarest form of cardiomyopathy, is a condition in which the walls of the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) are abnormally rigid and lack the flexibility to expand as the ventricles fill with blood. The pumping or systolic function of the ventricle may be normal but the diastolic function (the ability of the heart to fill with blood) is abnormal. Therefore, it is harder for the ventricles to fill with blood, and with time, the heart loses the ability to pump blood properly, leading to heart failure.
Common Medical Abbreviations & Terms
Doctors, pharmacists, and other health-care professionals use abbreviations, acronyms, and other terminology for instructions and information in regard to a patient's health condition, prescription drugs they are to take, or medical procedures that have been ordered. There is no approved this list of common medical abbreviations, acronyms, and terminology used by doctors and other health- care professionals. You can use this list of medical abbreviations and acronyms written by our doctors the next time you can't understand what is on your prescription package, blood test results, or medical procedure orders. Examples include:
- ANED: Alive no evidence of disease. The patient arrived in the ER alive with no evidence of disease.
- ARF: Acute renal (kidney) failure
- cap: Capsule.
- CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure. A treatment for sleep apnea.
- DJD: Degenerative joint disease. Another term for osteoarthritis.
- DM: Diabetes mellitus. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
- HA: Headache
- IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease. A name for two disorders of the gastrointestinal (BI) tract, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
- JT: Joint
- N/V: Nausea or vomiting.
- p.o.: By mouth. From the Latin terminology per os.
- q.i.d.: Four times daily. As in taking a medicine four times daily.
- RA: Rheumatoid arthritis
- SOB: Shortness of breath.
- T: Temperature. Temperature is recorded as part of the physical examination. It is one of the "vital signs."
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How Is Right Heart Catheterization Done?
Catheterization is the process where doctors use a thin, flexible tube called a catheter to look at the heart. Right heart catheterization is performed by going into a vein.
What Are the Symptoms of Myopathy?
The most common symptoms of myopathy are weakness and impaired daily functions or activities, as well as muscle pain and tenderness. General signs and symptoms of myopathy include symmetric proximal muscle weakness, fatigue and malaise, motor delay, bulbar muscle dystrophy (dysfunction of the swallowing and speech muscles), myoglobinuria (dark-colored urine) and/or fever, no paresthesia (sensory impairments), atrophy and hyporeflexia, consciousness at normal levels, and Gottron papules (dermatomyositis) over the knuckles, elbows, and knees.