What is compartment syndrome?
Compartment syndrome is a painful condition caused by excessive pressure building up within and between muscles.
The muscles in your arms and legs are divided into groups by thick bands of tissue called fascia. The fascia has some openings or compartments which contain muscle tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. The fascia is non-expandable.
Swelling due to the collection of fluids in the openings or compartments causes the fascia to be pushed against the muscles, nerves, or blood vessels within the arms and legs. This condition is called compartment syndrome.
The high pressure can damage muscles and nerves, which can decrease blood flow. Compartment syndromes may develop suddenly (acute compartment syndrome) or gradually over time (chronic compartment syndrome).
In either case, compartment syndrome can lead to severe and permanent damage if left untreated. Compartment syndrome can happen at any site within the body. The leg, however, is most frequently affected. Other sites include
- the forearm,
- buttocks,
- hand,
- foot,
- arm,
- thigh and
- back.
What is a compartment pressure measurement test?
A compartment pressure measurement test is a method to determine the pressure within the muscle compartment. It is done to diagnose compartment syndrome, which is a condition of increased pressure in the non-stretchable space containing nerves, blood vessels, and muscles.
This may result in damage to the structures within the compartment. If the test shows an increased pressure within the compartment, urgent surgery may be done to decompress and save the tissues from further damage.
Indications include:
- A severe injury such as a car crash
- Badly bruised muscle
- Fracture
- Crush injury
- Tight bandage or cast
- Steroid use
Symptoms suggestive of a compartment syndrome such as
SLIDESHOW
Pictures of the 7 Riskiest Workout Moves, and How to Improve Them See SlideshowWhat will happen during a compartment pressure measurement test?
During the compartment pressure measurement test:
- You will be comfortably positioned depending upon the part of the body where compartment pressure is to be measured.
- The doctor administers local anesthesia.
- The doctor then inserts a needle into the muscle.
- The needle is attached to a machine that gives a compartment pressure reading.
- The doctor may exert a little pressure on the affected part or ask you to move the limb or perform any activity that recreates the symptoms. Any rise in compartment pressure is recorded.
Is a compartment pressure measurement test painful?
A compartment pressure measurement test can be painful. Local anesthesia reduces the pain to some extent. The discomfort caused by the test typically goes away once the test is completed.
What can be the complications of a compartment pressure measurement test?
The compartment pressure measurement test is relatively safe. The risks, although low, include:
- Infection
- Pain
- Bruising
- Bleeding
- Nerve damage
- Muscle injury
- Development of acute compartment syndrome and the need for urgent surgery
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Compartment Syndrome
Compartment syndrome is a condition in which swelling and an increase in pressure within a limited space presses and compresses blood vessels, nerves, or tendons that run through the compartment. There are two types of compartment syndrome: acute compartment syndrome, which is treated with surgery (fasciotomy), and chronic compartment syndrome, which is treated with rest and modality to the affected limb. Symptoms of compartment syndrome include:- pain,
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- change in color,
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